从海防意识看中国近代衰落的原因

(,300071):,,,,,,:;;:K25412:A:100124667(2004)0620085207,,:,?1500,,,,[1](p.67),,,,,,,:,[2](p.37)17:,;,,[3](p.1),13,,[4](p.379);,:,[5](pp.125126),[6](p.176),1588,,1805,,,:2004205227:(1949),,,,5820046()©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.1001682,,,,,:[7](pp.7980),;,:,,,[8](p.116),,,21,1721,,,,,2200,78,,,,[4](p.227),,18932,6110,,?,,,[4](p.227,p.237,p.264),12,,1881,,:B:,:,,,,,,,,[4](p.308),,[4](p.306)20,19,12,520,,:,[4](p.326,p.323),:,;,,[4](p.326),,,,[4](p.335)18711888,6820046©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.:,,[4](p.380):,,,,,[4](p.381)[4](p.387),,,::[4](p.389),,62[4](p.380),,1840:;[9](p.112),,,,,,,,,,,,,?,:,;,,;,,,,,:;,[4](p.362),,,,:,,,;,,,,:,,,,[9](p.99),,,,,7820046©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,,,,,14333,,,,,400,[10](p.10),,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,[11](p.33),,[10](p.9),,,,,,,,,(),,,,,:[1](p.25),,[1](p.51),,,,[12](p.2,p.26),,,,1877,:[13](p.206),,[13](p.212),,:,,1100,860,436,,1300[14](p.8820046©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.332),2000[15](p.53):,[16](p.422)7,,778,30002000,1300,,,,,:,?,18916,:,[14](p.333)188818946,,18931895,,18933,,615183,,,[17](,p.1),,,,,20005,1.5,227000,,,6,2,34000,,,,,,,,,!,,;,,,,,,,[18](p.56),,,[19](p.535),,,,30,,,,[14](pp.334335),,,,,,[20](),,,,,9820046©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,,,[10](p.9):,,:,[21](p.189),,[22](p.5),[23](p.12,p.13),,,:,:,[23](p.13),,,,,[4](p.362),,,,,,(),[10](pp.910),,,,,,[9](p.18),,,,,,,,,,,,,[25](p.761),,,[26](p.412),,,[27](p.43),,,,,,,,:,,[23](p.15),,,0920046©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,,,,:,,960960,300,,,[28](p.3)1840,,,[29](p.1),,2003,[30](p.2),:,,,,,,:[1]:[M].:,1972.[2]()JFC.:[M]..:,1976.[3]()D.[M]..:,1984.[4].[M].:,1994.[5]()BR.[M]..:,1982.[6]().:[M]..:,1978.[7]().[M].:,1979.[8]().[M]..:,1987.[9],.:[M].:,1992.[10]().[M]..:,1988.[11],.[M].:,1989.[12]:[M].:,1972.[13]:[M].:,1972.[14].[M].:,1998.[15].[J].,1997,(1).[16].[M].:,1989.[17]().[M].,1908.[18]():14[M].:,1910.[19]().:[M].:,1979.(114)1920046©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.[13](),.[M].:,1985.[14]().[M].:,1986.[15]().[M].:,1985.[16]().[M].:[M].:,1984.[17]().[A].[M].:,1985.[18]().[M].:,1975.[19](),.[A].:[M].:,1981.AStudyontheImperialClanofWuyueStateHeCanhao(CollegeofLiterature,NingboUniversity,Ningbo,Zhejiang315211,China)Abstract:TheQianclan,theimperialclanofWuyueState,wascriticaltodefendthesovereigntyfortheEmperorsbycontrollingthelocalstates.EmperorQianLiaoencouragedanddevelopedtheConfucianmoraltomaketheimperialclanharmoniousandintimate,andthefamilymembersbecameliteratiwhichshowedanimportantcharacteristicofthehistoricaltrend.TheQianclantookthekeypositiontostabilizethepoliticalsituationandcarryoutthetransformationofWuyueStatewhichwastheircontributionstothehistory.KeyWords:TheImperialClanControllingtheLocalStates;ConfucianFamilyStyleHistoricalTrends;HistoricalContribution(91)[20]().[M].,1897.[21].:[M].:,1985.[22].[J].,2000,(2).[23].:[J].,2004,(1).[25]().:[M].:,1965.[26].:13[M].:,1964.[27].[M].:,1995.[28],.[M].:,1997.[29].[J].,2004,(3).[30].110[N].,2003212227(1).China’sDeclinewithouttheSenseofCoastDefenseduringtheModernPeriodAiYuejin(TeachingandResearchSectionofMilitaryAffairs,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin300071,China)Abstract:Whetheracountrycancontrolitsoceansornotisdecisiveforitsownfatesinceastrongnavyisasignandsafeguardofacountry.ChinahadbeenbulliedandhumiliatedduringthemodernperiodsincetheQinggovernmentwascorrupt,backward,andspeciallylackthesenseofcoastdefense.Weshouldtryourbesttofacetheoceansandbuildastrongsenseofcoastdefensebecausewecannotrisewithoutanopeningandpeacefulocean.KeyWords:TheModernChina;CorruptionoftheCoastDefense;TheEnlightenmentofaStrongCountry41120046©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.