初中英语语法——数词概念数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词,分基数词和序数词两种。表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词,如:one,ten,fifteen等;表示数目顺序的词叫序数词,如:fifth,second,twelfth等。。一.基数词的构成1)1-12,独立成词。onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve2)13--19,由3-9+teen构成。14–fourteen16--sixteen17--seventeen19—nineteen特殊拼写:13–thirteen15--fifteen18—eighteen3)20-90,以-ty结尾。20—twenty30—thirty40—forty50—fifty80—eighty60—sixty70—seventy90—ninety4)21-99,两位数,十位与个位之间有“-”。21twenty-one55fifty-five99ninety-nine5)101—999,三位数,百位与十位/个位之间加and。101onehundredandone840eighthundredandforty693sixhundredandninety-three29,43150076,,thousandhundredmillionbillionand6)1,000以上数目,从右向左每三位用“,”分开,分别读为thousand,million,billion,注意:这几个词不能用复数形式,后也不能加and。7)表示具体、准确的数目时,hundred,thousand,million等数词后不能加-s,如fivehundred,sixthousand,sevenmillion8)当hundred,thousand等数词与of连用,表示不具体、不准确的数目时,词尾须加-s。如:thousandsofstudents,millionsoftrees.二、基数词的用法1、表示具体数目,hundred,thousand,million不用复数表示不确定数目,用复数。即hundredsof(数百),thousandsof(数千),millionsof(数百万)+名词复数,可以用many/several修饰,但不能与具体数目连用。1)Ourcountryhasapopulationof1,300millionpeople.2)Therearethreethousandstudentsinourschool.3)Afterthewar,thousandsofpeoplebecamehomeless.4)Several/Manythousandsoftreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.2、“几十”的复数形式可以表示:几十多岁----in+one’s+数词复数年代----in+the+数词复数1)Hediedinhisforties.四十多岁2)Inthenineties,mostpeoplegotoworkbybike.90年代3、“基数词+名词”的合成形容词作定语,中间有连字符“-”,当中的名词用单数。a3–year–oldgirlaseven-dayholiday4、表计量--“基数词+度量单位+形容词”Theclassroomis7meterslong,6meterswideand3metershigh.5、表示时刻(介词用at)1)顺读法----先时后分,“几点几分”9:30ninethirty6:21sixtwenty-one3)15分钟:aquarter30分钟:ahalf9:15aquarterpastnine12:30halfpasttwelve2)逆读法----先分后时表示“几点过几分”,半小时以内,介词用past分钟数+past+钟点数10:10tenpastten8:20twentypasteight表示“几点差几分”,半小时以上,介词用to60减原分钟+to+(下一个)钟点数9:50tentoten7:40twentytoeight三、序数词的构成1)1-3,first,second,third。2)4-19,相应基数词+th,特殊拼写:fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3)20-90,y变成ie+th,如twentieth。4)21-99,只把个位的基数词变成序数词如twenty-first。5)序数词缩写—数字+最后两字母如1st,2nd,3rd,4th…基变序,有规律,一、二、三,特殊记,面目全非要注意,加th从4起,八少“t”,九去“e”,“ve”要用“f”替,(five,twelve)见“y”变成“i”和“e”,词尾加上“th”,(twenty,thirty,……ninety)若是遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。序数词缩写记清楚,数字后跟两字母。(序数词构成规律)(1)序数词作定语,前面要加the;Thefirsttruckiscarryingafoodbasket.Johnlivesonthefifteenthfloor.SheismyfirstEnglishteacher.(2)有时加a/an,“再一”,“又一”的意思We‘llhavetodoitasecondtime.ShallIaskhimathirdtime?WhenIsatdown,afourthmanrosetospeak.Theyhadasecondchildin1988四、序数词的用法五、数词的用法1、编号表示法编号在前,名词在后,用序数词,前面有the编号在后,名词在前,用基数词,注意首字母大写房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读TheFirstLesson(在句子中不大写)LessonOnethethirty-secondpagePage32/PageThirty-twoRoom305BusNo.12第一课第32页第305房间第12路公共汽车1/4one-fourtha(one)quarter3/4three-fourthsthreequarters2/3two-thirds1/2a(one)half半年halfayear半小时halfanhour一年半oneandahalfyearsoneyearandahalf分数修饰名词时,后用of短语。如:1/3onethirdofteachers3/7threeseventhsoftheboys2.分数表示法分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1时,分母加-s。1999nineteenninety-nine2008twothousandandeight1949年10月1日读作:October(the)first,nineteenforty-nine(月-日,年)thefirstofOctober,nineteenforty-nine(日-月,年)写作:October1st,1999(日用缩写,月-日-年)October1,1999(日用数字)1stOctober,1999日-月,年3.年份、日期、时刻表达法年用基数词表示,两位一读,介词用in日用序数词表示,介词用on表示“在…世纪”,用序数词。在20世纪写作:in20thcentury读作:inthetwentiethcentury“时刻”用基数词表达,同时要注意以下两点。•1.表示“整点”时,在基数词后加o’clock;•9:00o’clock.•2.分钟小于或等于30分钟的,用“分钟数+past+钟点数”形式;分钟数大于30分钟的,用“到下一个钟点所差的分钟数+to+下一个钟点数”形式,也可以依次读钟点数和分钟数。•7:20twentypastseven或seventwenty.•3.注意两个特殊的表示时间的单位词:30分钟用half,15分钟用aquarter,如:•6:30读作:halfpastsix•5:45读作:aquartertosix•6:15读作:aquarterpastsix4.“基数词-名词-形容词”结构•“基数词-名词-形容词”只能用来放到名词前作定语。如:•Sheisa3-year-oldgirl.•Theyliveina7-storey-highbuilding.•注:这种结构中名词不能用复数,同时只能作定语。用作表语时,不用连字符,名词有复数。如:•Tonyis10yearsoldthisyear.•Tonyisa10-year-oldboy.1440501505177090119188021601161/21/31/424/253/43threefourths/threequartersonethird/athirdtwenty-fourtwenty-fifthsthreeandsixseventhsonequarter/aquarter/onefourthahalfCanyoureadafraction?1.Dick,itisthe________timein________daysthatyou’vemadethesamemistake.A.two,threeB.second,threeC.two,thirdD.second,third(2007乌鲁木齐)B2.Itissaidthatthegravity(引力)onMarsisonlyabout__________ofthegravityonearth.A.three-eighthsB.third-eighthC.three-eightsD.third-eightA-HowmanypeoplewillcometoBeijingnextyear?-It’shardtosay,________people,Ithink.A.millionofB.millionsofC.threemillionsD.threemillionsofB