新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1Introduction1.1Whatislinguistics?Scientificstudyoflanguage.Interpretation:①trytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;②linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;③scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.1.1.2ThescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestudyofmeaningpragmaticsStudythemeaningincontextAbovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation……（languageandbrain）AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquisition1.1.3SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”;i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayornotDescribeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)synchronicdiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeModernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:①Difficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;②Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.speechwritingSpeechispriortowriting:①writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;②speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;③speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;④spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue语言Parole言语Abstractlinguisticsystem;RelativelystableTherealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury:paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,toabstractlanguefromparole.competenceperformanceTheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageTheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.proposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetence,nottheperformance.Difference:Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;Descriptive;Spokenlanguageisprimary;TryingtosetupauniversalframeworkModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofF.deSassure’sbookcourseingenerallinguistics1.2Whatislanguage1.2.1DefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:①languageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;②languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;③languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;④languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.1.2.2DesignfeaturesoflanguageProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanimal&humancommunicationsystems.Followingarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:①arbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)②productivityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.③dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;④DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;⑤culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmitted[languagenotmutuallyintelligible]whileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)1.2.3FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:①descriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;Thefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenial,andinsomecaseevenverified.e.g:TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.②expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheuser’sfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,etc.Iwillnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.③socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?Others:Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson：sixelemens(function)ofaspeech:Addresser-emotive