英语句子成分及五种简单句

句子成分英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）表语（predicative）定语（attribute）状语(adverbial)补足语(complement）同位语（appositive）主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。1)Mr.Leeisawell-knownscientist.2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.3)Whatweshalldonextisnotyetdecided.谓语:说明主语的动作或所处的状态。谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicateverb)的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。1)Thenewtermbeginsonthe1stofSeptember.2)Iwouldliketoinviteallmyfriendshere.5)Heisworkinginthegarden.表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如be,become)之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。1)Wang’sfatherisadoctor.（名词）2)Heisalwayscareless.（形容词）3)Thebasketballmatchison.（副词）4)Allthepupilsareontheplaygroundnow.（介词短语）宾语:表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面.1)WangLinggivemeabooktoreadinthebus.（双宾语）2)Themedicineisgoodforthisboy.3)DoyouunderstandwhatImean?定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。Maryisachemistryteacher.（名词作定语）Heisourfriend.（代词作定语）Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词作定语）Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词作定语)状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。1)Shesingsquitewell.（副词）2)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.（介词短语）3)Arrivingthere,callmeup.4)Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.5)Heisveryhandsome.补足语：用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态。分为宾补和主补。主补：对主语的补充。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词作宾补）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词作宾补）Wefoundnobodyin.(副词作宾补)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.（介词短语作宾补）Don’tlethimdothat.（省to不定式名词作宾补）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式名词作宾补）Don’tkeepthefireburning.（现在分词名词作宾补）I’llhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词名词作宾补）同位语是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）Weallarestudents.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）Thenewsthatwe’rehavingaholidaytomorrowistrue.（从句作同位语）英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:ＳＶ(主＋谓)二:ＳＶＰ(主＋系＋表)三:ＳＶＯ(主＋谓＋宾)四:ＳＶｏＯ(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)五:ＳＶＯＣ(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)基本句型一:ＳＶ(主＋谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构。如:Wecome.Ｓ│Ｖ(不及物动词)1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如:1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Sotheyhadtotravelbyairorboat.3.Wegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.4.Shesattherealone,readinganovel.5.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.6.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake,butstrongonesmaystayup.基本句型二:ＳＶＰ(主＋系＋表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be,look,keep,seem等,表情况;get,grow,become,turn等属另一类,表变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作连系动词:lookwell/面色好,soundnice/听起来不错,feelgood/感觉好,smellbad/难闻Ｓ│Ｖ(是系动词)│Ｐ(表语)1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│fell│inlove.4.Everything│looks│different.5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.6.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.7.Hisface│turned│red.*Therebe结构:Therebe表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示“(存在)有某事物”。试比较:Thereisaboythere.(那儿有一个男孩)前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be，look，feel，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，turnout（结果是、证明是）等。You’llbeallrightsoon.Youdon’tlookverywell.Ifeelrathercold.Heseemstobeill.Itappearsthatheisunhappy.Therosessmellsweet.Themixturetastedhorrible.Howsweetthemusicsounds!Thedayturnedout(tobe)afineone.第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturnedbad.第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep，remain，continue，stay等。Keepquiet,children!Theweathercontinuedfineforalongtime.Itremainstobeproved.系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。Thenewswassurprising.（分词）HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）Imustbeoffnow.（副词）Thebridgeisunderconstruction.（介词短语）Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.（词组）Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。Ourfuturewillbebeautiful.Shelooksunhappytoday.Doyoufeelcold？Youseem/appearill.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold.Heoftenwenthungry.3.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear，seem，get，prove，remain，turnout等。Sheappears/seemstobeveryyoung.Heappears/seemstohavecaughtcold.Theygottobefriends。Themeetingturnedouttobesuccessful.Thetheoryprovedtoberight.Muchremainstobedone.4.能接从句的有：be，seem，appear，sound，look等。That’swhyhefellill.Myideaisthatweshouldhelphim.Itseems/appearstomethatsomethingiswrong.Itsoundstomeasifsomeoneweretryingtogetintothehouse.Yourvoicesoundsasifyouhadacold.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.5.能接介词短语的有：be，feel，look，sound，taste，remain等。be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。Heisathome/inthelibrary/onthewayhome/onholiday.Theyareonduty/onstrike/onleave.Theroadisunderrepair.其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：Itfeelslikearain.Itlookslikearain.Itsoundslikeatraingoingundermyroom.Ittastesofapples.（这有苹果的味道。）Theconcertremainsinmymemory.6.能接分词的系动词有：be，become，get，grow，seem，appear等。Hisreportwassurprising/disappointing/