非谓语动词之现在分词

Grammarandusage--------Participles1.Othertypesofwasteflowintoourwater,killingriverandsealife.2.Whenpeoplethinkoffactories,theythinkofcloudsofdirtysmokeorofpipespouringchemicalwasteintorivers.3.Theythinkofgreedybusinessmenhidingfromtheirresponsibilitiesandonlyworryingaboutmoney.4.WhatIamheretosayisthathavingworkedwithmanyenvironmentalconsultants,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentanddevelopmentshouldbepossibleatthesametime.5.Askingaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayalittlehigherpriceforthingsthatarefriendlytotheenvironment.分词：Participles一分词的概述1.分词是“非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现在分词（PresentParticiple）和过去分词（PastParticiple）。2.现在分词：doing过去分词：规则动词V+ed不规则动词3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。PresentParticiple二、现在分词1.语态上：现在分词表主动DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?2.时态上：现在分词表进行Don’twakeupthesleepingboy.PresentParticiple3.现在分词的形式一般式完成式主动语态被动语态doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonePresentParticiple4.现在分词的功能现在分词具有形容词和副词的特征，可充当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。PresentParticiple现在分词作表语现在分词作表语，起形容词作用，说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能，回答how的问题，可以用very，quite，rather，greatly等副词修饰。以下动词的现在分词已经形容词化。disappoint,move,surprise,inspire,excite,interest,amaze，frighten，encourage,fascinate等。PresentParticiple1.Thesituationbothathomeandabroadisveryinspiring．3.Thenewswasdisappointing．2.Whathesaidwasveryencouraging．4.Thestoryisthemostfascinating．inspiringencouragingdisappointingfascinatingPresentParticiple现在分词与动名词作表语时的比较1、动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答what的问题。Whatpleaseshimmostisbathinginthesea.2、动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Whathesaidisveryinteresting.3、作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。Hisspeechseemsverymoving.Hisinterestinwritingforthenewspapers.PresentParticiple现在分词作定语现在分词作定语时，和它所修饰的名词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。它从以下两个方面来说明中心词。A.表示名词正在进行的动作。1.Don’twakeupthesleepingboy.=Don’twakeuptheboy_________________.whoissleeping2.Therearemanyfactoriesandindustrieswhichcontroltheamountofpollutiontheyproduce.=therearemanyfactoriesandindustries_________________________________________controllingtheamountofpollutiontheyproducePresentParticipleB.表状态，它一般置于所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。Whensheappeared,John,wearingadirtyovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.=Whensheappeared,John,whowaswearingadirtyovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.PresentParticiple现在分词与动名词作定语时的比较1、动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；aswimminggirl＝agirlwhoisswimmingawalkingstick＝astickthatisusedforwalking2、现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。①.Thegirlwearingglassesisoneofhisstudents．戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。②.Iboughtsomereadingmaterials．我买了一些阅读材料。PresentParticiple现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语是动作的执行者。A.作感官动词的宾语补足语listentohearseelookatwatchnoticefeelObserve++sb+doingPresentParticiple1.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound___inthekitching.A.smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked2.Themissingboywaslastseen_______nearthebankofthelake.A.playB.playedC.toplayD.playingPresentParticipleB.作使役动词(have,get,keep,send,leave,catch…)等的宾语补足语，表示“使…进行/处于(某种状态)”强调动作或状态的持续性。1.Canyoukeeptheclockinggoing?2.Theyoftenhavethetractorsworkinginthefieldsduringthebusytime.3.Whattheteachersaidsentusthinking.4.Hecaughtthegirlcheatingintheexam.5.Leavehimstandingoutside.PresentParticiple现在分词作状语现在分词作状语，表示主动和进行。可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、伴随或方式等状语。A.作时间状语，可以表示三个时间概念PresentParticipleHearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.Assoonastheyheardthebadnews（1）动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，相当于assoonasPresentParticiple(2)谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中，表示在“做某事期间”相当于when/whileWalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.WhenIwalkedinthestreetPresentParticiple(3)分词动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，分词要用完成形式。Havingworkedwithmanyenvironmentalconsultants,Iknowthatahealthyenvironment…...AfterIhaveworkedPresentParticipleB.作原因状语，相当于because/as引导的原因状语从句。(1)Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.(2)Notknowingwhattodonext,hewenttohisteacherforadvice.(3)Havingseenthefilmmanytimes,hedidn’tgotoseeitlastnight.BecausehewasillAshedidn’tknowBecausehehadseenPresentParticipleC.作条件状语，相当于if引导的条件状语从句。Usingyourhead,you’llfindaway.D.作让步状语，相当于although/though引导的让步状语从句。Althoughgettingupearly,hewaslateforschool.E.作伴随（方式）状语，表示和谓语的动作同时发生，相当于并列连词连接的两个并列的动作。Theysatthereonthestone,talkingwitheachother.PresentParticipleF.作结果状语，表示自然的结果。Othertypesofwasteflowintoourwater,killingriverandsealife.Themotherdied,leavingfivechildrenbehind.不定式作状语，表示意外或事与愿违的结果。Hehurriedtothestation,onlytobetoldthetrainhadjustleft.PresentParticipleG.独立主格结构（现在分词有自己的逻辑主语）Weatherpermitting,we’llgopicnicing.Motherbeingill,hestayedathometolookafterher.Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.Thedaybeingfine,wedecidedtogoswimming.主句和从句的主语不相同。状语从句。从句省略了连接此状语从句的连词。主语+vingIfweatherpermits,BecausehismotherwasillPresentParticiple(2011湖南卷)29.Doyouwakeupeverymorning_________energeticandreadytostartanewday?A.feelB.tofeelC.feelingD.felt(2011陕西卷）20.MorehighwayshavebeenbuiltinChina,__________itmucheasierforpeopletotravelformoneplacetoanother.A.makingB.madeC.tomakeD.havingmade（2011辽宁卷）30.______aroundthefire,thetouristsdancedwiththelocalpeople.A.GatherB.TogatherC.GatheringD.TobegatheringPresentParticiple（2011江苏卷）31.Recentlyasurvey_____pricesofthesamegoodsintwodifferentsupermarketshascausedheateddebateamongcitizens.A.comparedB.comparingC.comparesD.bei