英语句子成分

第1页共5页1英语句子成分句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)补语(complement)主语(Subject)：一.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如therich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue二.谓语(Predicate)：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2)复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。练习3.填入动词的适当形式。1).Fiftymiles_______(be)notagreatdistance.2).He______________(marry)forthreeyears.3).Alotoftrees____________(must,plant)onthehills.4).Thewomandid______(stay)athomelastSunday.5).Sofast_____light______(travel)thatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.三.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习4.划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。1)OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.2)Isityours?3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.4)Thespeechisexciting.5)Threetimessevenistwentyone?6)HisjobistoteachEnglish.7)Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.8)Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.9)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表示证明，变成之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.练习5.用所给词的正确形式填空1).Thenewssounds__________(inspire)2).Weare__________(interest)inthestory.3).Myworkis______(clean)theclassroomtomorrowmorning4).Thepeopleinthecityarevery__________.(happiness)5).Thatishisbook.Theoneonthedeskis_________(my).四.宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。练习6.划出下列句中的宾语,并说明有什么充当。1)Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.第2页共5页22)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3)(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.4)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5)Iwantedtobuyacar.6)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7)Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.8)Hefoundithardtosolvetheproblem.练习7.完成下列各句.1.Iremember________________(去过那里).2.Pleaseremember___________(锁上门)whenyouleavetheroom.3.Ilike_______________(唱流行歌曲).4.Ilike______________________(唱一首英文歌曲)thistime.五.宾语补足语(ObjectComplement)英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。练习8.用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1)HisfathernamedhimDongming.2)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3)Letthefreshairin.4)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5)Wesawherentertheroom.6)Wesawhimplayingthepianowhenweenteredhishouse.7)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.8)Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.【注意】如果把主动语态该成被动语态，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。例如：Hewasacknowledgedtobethebestplayer.练习9.用所给词的适当形式填空1).Isawtheman_______(knock)downandthedriver_____(drive)away.2).Happinessliesinmakingothers________(happiness)3).Thelittlechildcannotbemade________(do)suchadifficultthing.六.定语(Attribute)：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。考点1.若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）,定语通常后置。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(important修饰something,却放在后面)Thereisnothinginterestinginthebook.（interesting修饰nothing）考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)Hewentuptoapolicemandownstairs.（楼下的警察）考点3.单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁边的那个人）Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置TheboyunderthetreeisTom.（树下的那个男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5.名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman,man作定语且后面名词为复数时，womanman也要用复数boystudents,appletrees,mendoctors,womennurses考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译：我有要说的话)Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7.动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别Thisisaswimmingpool.(动名词作定语，表功能)Thesleepingboyisonlyfive.（现在分词作定语，表正在进行）考点8.else(别的，其它的)通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语Whoelsedoyouknow?Somebodyelsemighthavetakenitaway.Youcanseethesesignsinahospital.___canyouseethem?A.WhereelseB.WhereplaceelseC.WhereelseplaceD.Elsewhere考点9.enough修饰名词可前置或后置,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1)Ihaven’tgotenoughmoney.Ican’taffordit.（形容词作定语）2)Wehavetimeenoughtodothework.（形容词短语作定语）3)Youcan’tbecarefulenough.(副词作状语)3)Ifyouareintrouble,askapolicemannearbyforhelp.（副词作定语）=Ifyouareintrouble,askanearbypolicemanforhelp.（形容词作定语）七.状语。修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。练习10：指出下列划线部分属于什么状语1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.3.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.4.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketw