Book1-Unit-2-Understanding-Science

LOGONucleusCollegeEnglishUnit2UnderstandingScienceUnderstandingScienceObjectivesFurtherResearchDiscussionTextAnalysisWarm-upActivitiesWhatisscience?Science(fromLatinscientia,meaningknowledge)isasystematicenterprisethatbuildsandorganizesknowledgeintheformoftestableexplanationsandpredictionsabouttheuniverse.Galileoisconsideredoneofthefathersofmodernscience.ScienceInmodernuse,sciencemoreoftenreferstoawayofpursuingknowledge,notonlytheknowledgeitself.Itisoftentreatedassynonymouswith'naturalandphysicalscience',andthusrestrictedtothosebranchesofstudythatrelatetothephenomenaofthematerialuniverseandtheirlaws,sometimeswithimpliedexclusionofpuremathematics.Thisisnowthedominantsenseinordinaryuse.ScienceOverview1.VideoClipScienceChangestheWorld2.discussionHowdoesscienceaffectdailylife?Whatwouldlifebelikewithoutscientificprogress?ScientistsandtheirAchievementsAlbertEinstein:aGerman-borntheoreticalphysicist,thegeneraltheoryofrelativity,energyequivalenceformulaE=mc2receivedthe1921NobelPrizeinPhysicsScientistsandtheirAchievementsStephenWilliamHawking:aBritishtheoreticalphysicist,cosmologist,andauthorthetheoreticalpredictionthatblackholesemitradiationABriefHistoryofTimeScientistsandtheirAchievementsAlfredNobel:aSwedishchemist,engineer,innovator,andarmamentsmanufacturertheinventorofdynamiteinstitutedtheNobelPrizesScientistsandtheirAchievementsJamesWatt:aScottishinventorandmechanicalengineerNewcomensteamengineScientistsandtheirAchievementsCharlesDarwin:anEnglishnaturalist,allspeciesoflifehavedescendedovertimefromcommonancestors,naturalselection,OntheOriginofSpeciesScientistsandtheirAchievementsThomasEdison:anAmericaninventorandbusinessmanthephonograph,themotionpicturecamera,andalong-lasting,practicalelectriclightbulbProgressinModernScienceUSAScienceandEngineeringFestival10FutureTechnologiesThatAlreadyExistTextAnalysis:SkimmingPartParaMainIdeaIA-BIIB-FIIIG-KTheauthorbrieflyintroducesthatscienceiscloselyconnectedwithourlivesanditaffectsusalleveryday.Withoutmodernsciencetherewouldbenowaytouseelectricity,noplastic,nomodernagricultureormodernmedicine.Theauthorgivestwoexamplestoindicatesciencealsohelpsshapesocietybyinformingpoliciesthatpromoteourhealth,safety,andenvironmentalfriendliness.TextAnalysisWhathassciencedoneforyoulately?Ifyouthinksciencedoesn'tmattermuchtoyou,thinkagain.Scienceaffectsusall,everydayoftheyear,fromthemomentwewakeup,alldaylong,andthroughthenight.Yourdigitalalarmclock,theweatherreport,theasphaltyoudriveon,thebusyouridein,yourdecisiontoeatabakedpotatoinsteadoffries,yourcellphone,Para.A-1theantibioticsthattreatyoursorethroat,thecleanwaterthatcomesfromyourtap,andthelightthatyouturnoffattheendofthedayhaveallbeenbroughttoyoucourtesyofscience.Themodernworldwouldnotbemodernatallwithouttheunderstandingsandtechnologyenabledbyscience.Para.A-2Tomakeitclearhowdeeplyscienceisconnectedwithourlives,justtryimaginingadaywithoutscientificprogress.Tobeginwith,withoutmodernscience,therewouldbe:Para.BNowaytouseelectricity.FromBenFranklin'sstudiesofstaticandlightninginthe1700s,toAlessandroVolta'sfirstbattery,tothekeydiscoveryoftherelationshipbetweenelectricityandmagnetism,sciencehassteadilybuiltupourunderstandingofelectricity,whichtodaycarriesourvoicesovertelephonelines,bringsentertainmenttoourtelevisions,andkeepsthelightson.Para.CNoplastic.Thefirstcompletelysyntheticplasticwasmadebyachemistintheearly1900s,andsincethen,chemistryhasdevelopedawidevarietyofplasticssuitedforallsortsofjobs,fromblockingbulletstomakingsmootherdentalfloss.Para.DNomodernagriculture.Sciencehastransformedthewayweeattoday.Inthe1940s,biologistsbegandevelopinghigh-yieldvarietiesofcorn,wheat,andrice,which,whenpairedwithnewfertilizersandpesticidesdevelopedbychemists,dramaticallyincreasedtheamountoffoodthatcouldbeharvestedfromasinglefield,leadingtotheGreenRevolution.Para.E-1Thesescience-basedtechnologiestriggeredstrikingchangesinagriculture,massivelyincreasingtheamountoffoodavailabletofeedtheworldandsimultaneouslytransformingtheeconomicstructureofagriculturalpractices.Para.E-2Nomodernmedicine.Inthelate1700s,EdwardJennerfirstconvincinglyshowedthatvaccinationworked.Inthe1800s,scientistsanddoctorsestablishedthetheorythatmanydiseasesarecausedbygerms.Andinthe1920s,abiologistdiscoveredthefirstantibiotic.Para.F-1Fromtheeliminationofsmallpox,tothepreventionofnutritionaldeficiencies,tosuccessfultreatmentsforoncedeadlyinfections,theimpactofmodernmedicineonglobalhealthhasbeenpowerful.Infact,withoutscience,manypeoplealivetodaywouldhaveinsteaddiedofdiseasesthatarenoweasilytreated.Para.F-2ShapingsocietyJustasitshapesyourpersonaldecision-making,scientificknowledgealsohelpsinformregulatorydecision-makingandpolicy—andtheresultsofthesedecisionsareeverywhere.Infact,theyaresocommonthatyouprobablyneverevenstoptothinkaboutthem.Whyisyourquartofmilkdecoratedwithanutritionlabel?Para.G-1Whydoschoolscheckstudents'vaccinationrecords?Whyaren'tyournewkitchentilesmadeofasbestos?Whyisitillegaltopouryourusedmotoroildownastormdrain?Becauseofscience,ofcourse.Scienceinformspoliciesthatpromoteou