动词不定式用法要点讲解一、作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:①It+be+名词+todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.②Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?③It+be+形容词+forsb+todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositionaquarterofanhour.④It+be+形容词+ofsb+todoItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.⑤Itseems(appears)+形容词+todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.二、作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,longmanage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如:Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.③介词but,except,besides+todo(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.⒉部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.3.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:Ourteachersdon'tpermitour/usswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.4.部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.②meantodo打算做某事;meandoing意味着……③trytodo设法尽力做某事;trydoing试着做某事④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语);stopdoing停止做某事⑤can'thelpdoing禁不住…;can’ttodo不能帮助干……⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同内容的事;doing继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续⑦leaveofftodo离开某地去干什么(目的状语);leavedoing停下某事三、做表语Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.四、作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister?Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:(1)表示尚未发生的动作。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词。(3)与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主位关系。(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句。五、不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整。(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如:Iexpectyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.(2)部分动词后常接tobe+形容词、名词短语等形式,有时tobe可省略,如:consider,imagine,judge,prove,suppose等。Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachers.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。①Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.(4)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.常这样用的短语动词有:askfor,carefor,callon,dependon,waitfor,longfor(渴望),preparefor等。⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如:①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.六、不定式作状语⒈作目的状语(1)Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加inorder或soas。如:Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首,但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句,如:Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。①Wearegladtohearthenews.②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如:Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常这样用的形容词有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。⒉作结果状语Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:①so…asto;such…astoI'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。②enough…toThespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.③onlytoJanehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.④too…toI'mtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如:I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。(too修饰gladtohave…,相当于very)⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.常见的短语有tobeexact(确切地说),tobeginwith(首先),tobesure(真的)等等。七、动词不定式的其它用法⒈疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:Whenandwheretogohasnotbeendecidedyet.以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。⒉动词不定式的时态、语态(1)时态①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:Ireturnedhometofindmyhousebrokenin.②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如:Theypretendedtobethinkingdeeply,whenIcameback.④完成进行时:表示的在谓语动作之前一直进行的动作。SheissaidtohavebeenwritingthenovelaboutNewYorkforyears.(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承