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1Linguisticsisascientificstudyoflanguage.语言学是对语言进行的科学研究。Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.普通语言学是对语言从整体上进行的研究themajorbranchesoflinguistics:语言学内部主要分支Phonetics：thestudyofthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication..(语音学)对语言交流中语音的研究Phonologythestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.(音位学)如何组合在一起并在交流中形传达意义.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(词法学、形态学)如何排列以及组合起来构成词语Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(句法学)如何在组成语法上可接受的句子Semantics(语义学)thestudyofmeaninginabstraction语言是用来传达意义的。Pragmatics(语用学)thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse用来研究上下文的意义跨学科分支Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.社会语言学是语言和社会之间关系的研究Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.心理语言学是语言与心灵的关系的研究Appliedlinguisticsisthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.应用语言学是外国和第二语言教学的研究Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学中一些基本区分1.DescriptiveorPrescriptiveAlinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior.描述性是在描述和分析人们对语言的实际运用，规定性是在为语言“正确和规范的”使用确立规则。2.SynchronicandDiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy。共时性对语言在历史的某一时间点的描述，历时性对语言随着时间的变化而变化的描述3.SpeechandWriting.4.LangueandParoleThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.瑞士语言学家索绪尔于20实际早期提出，语言是一个话语社团所有成员共有的抽象的语言系统，言语是语言在实际运用中的实现。5.CompetenceandandPerformanceCompetenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(发声).语言能力定为理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识，语言运用在语言交流中的具体实现。6Modernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar现代语言学与传统语法Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.语言学是描述性的而传统语法是规定。Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.现代语言学家认为口头语是最基本的，而不是书面语。Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.现在语言学不同于传统语法还在于它不强行将语言放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是有任意性，用于人类交流的语音标志系统。语言的本质特征1Languageisasystem,i.e,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtocertainrules.语言是一个系统，即语言的元素相结合，按照一定的规则2Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系，从这个意义上说语言是任意的。3Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.语言是有声，因为所有语言的主要媒介都是声音24Languageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess.语言是人类特有的，它与其他生物的交际系统不同Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构，识别特征Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.识别的特征指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征1arbitrariness----Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconventionbetweenmeaningandsounds.任意性-意味意义和语言之间的没有什么逻辑的联系2productivityorCreativity---languageisproductivityorcreativityinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.能产性-语言是能产的或具有创造性的，它使得者可以建构或和解释的新的符号3duality--languageissystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures.双重性--语言系统，它由两种结构组成套thelowerorthebasiclevel----soundswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowordsthehigherlevel----wordswhicharemeaningful.4Displacement----Languagecanbeusetorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker。移位性-语言能够指远离说话人所在场合的情境5Culturaltransmissionwhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.文化传承性--而人类的语言能力具有遗传的基础，任何语言系统的细节都要靠传教和学习。Chapter2PhoneticsandphonologyPhoneticsthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages..语音学是对语言的媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中所有的语音Threebranchesofphonetics语音学三个分支Articulatory[ɑ:'tikjuleitəri]phonetics---发音语音学（历史最悠久）Auditory.['ɔ:ditəri]phonetics----听觉语音学Acoustic[ə'ku:stik]phonetics---声学语音学threeimportantcavitiesOrgansofspeech三个重要区域发音器官Pharyngeal[færindʒi:əl]cavity----thethroat[θrəut];咽腔，喉咙Theoralcavity----themouth;口腔，嘴巴Nasal['neɪzəl]cavity----thenose.鼻腔，鼻子Lips,teeth,teethridge[ridʒ](alveolus)齿龈,hardpalate硬腭,softpalate(velum)软腭,uvula['ju:vjulə]小舌,tipoftongueInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).国际音标Orthographic{ɔ:θəɡræfik}representationofspeechsounds语音的正字法表征Broadtranscription【træn'skrɪpʃə】--thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly宽式标音是用代表字母的符号标音Narrowtranscription---thetranscriptionwithdiacritics.[,daiə'kritik]严式标音是用代表字母的符号和变音共同标音Voiceless:whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.[,ʌnim'pi:did]清音是当声带完全张开，气流通过声带而不引起振动Voicing/voiced:whenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibration[vaɪ'breɪʃən]effect浊化是当气流在强行穿过的时候会使他们以不同的速度振动。ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类Vowels['vaʊəl]andConsonant