2.-Sentence-Structure

Lecture1SentenceStructureLecture2SentenceStructure21.2.2.Transformationandexpansion2.Twowaysofsentenceanalysis1.Subjectandpredicate1.2.1.FivebasicclausetypesContents1.2ClauseTypesandtransformation1.1ClauseElementLecture2SentenceStructure31.1ClauseelementsStructurally:Asimplesentenceorratheraclauseis:asequenceofphrases.aconstructionof“subject＋predicate”Logically:Theproducersareabletosupplyasmallpartofourneeds.NPVPNP(PredicateVerb)IndependentClause(Sentence)(Predicate)(Subject)(Object)Forexample:Lecture2SentenceStructure41.1.1SubjectandPredicateAfullclausecangenerallybedividedintotwoparts:thesubjectandthepredicate.Theproducersareabletosupplyasmallpartofourneeds.NPVPNPSubjectPredicateClause/SentenceItisthetopicorthemeofthesentence,whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout.Itiscalled“KnownInformation”,generallyrealizedbyanounphraseoranequivalentofanounphrase.Itsayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader.ItgenerallyconsistsofaverbphrasewithorwithoutacomplementationMoreexamplesonPage15Lecture2SentenceStructure5Theanalysisanddeconstructionofasentenceisavitalskillinunderstandinglanguage.Sentenceanalysisisnotalwayseasybutitisanessentialtoolinunderstandinghowlanguageworks.Sentencescanbeanalyzedintwoways.Allthemenhavedonetheirbestthisyear.Trytoanalyzethefollowingsentence.1.1.2TwowaysofsentenceanalysisLecture2SentenceStructure6Allthemenhavedonetheirbestthisyear.NPSubjectVPPredicateverbNPObjectNPAdverbialClauseSentenceThesefourelementstogetherwiththesubjectmakethefiveclauseelementsoftraditionalgrammar.Onewayistodividethepredicateintopredicateverb,object,complementandadverbial．Lecture2SentenceStructure7Anotherwayistodividethepredicateintotwoparts:theoperatorandthepredication.Allthemenhavedonetheirbestthisyear.PredicationNPAuxMainVNPNPOperatorPredicateSubjectClauseSentenceTheoperatorisusuallytheauxiliaryorthefirstauxiliaryinacomplexverbphrase.Thepredicationcomprisesthemainverbwithitscomplementation(object,complementoradverbial.Lecture2SentenceStructure81.Joshuaquicklyfinishedhishomeworkandwentouttoplay.A.Object:B.Adverbial:2.Whatisthemostexpensivemeallistedonthemenu?A.Subject:B.Complement:(themostexpensivemeallistedonthemenu)(What)Exercise1A:(Page18)(hishomework)hishomework(toplay)toplayWhatthemostexpensivemeallistedonthemenuLecture2SentenceStructure91.2BasicClausetypesandtransformationEnglishclausescanbeclassifiedintofiveorsevenbasictypes.Verbsareofcrucialimportancetotheconstructionofthesentence.Innumerablesentencesarestructuredonthebasisoftheseclausetypes,determinedbythemainverbsusedinthesentences.Mainverbsrefertothefollowingthreetypesofverbs.1)Linkingverbs2)Intransitiveverbs3)TransitiveverbsLecture2SentenceStructure1011.2.1FivebasicclausetypesAlinkingverb(copula)isawordusedtolinkthesubjectofasentencewithapredicate(asubjectcomplement),whichshows:linkingverbsSVCa)aremainingstate:b)achangingstate:c)afeelingorsensing:be,remain,keep,appear,stay…fall,get,turn,grow,prove,come,go…feel,smell,taste,sound,look,seem…1.Sheisingoodhealth.2.Allofusmustremainmodestandprudent.3.PeterbecameajudgebutJohnremainedafisherman.4.Bobseems(tobe)quitehappy.5.Yourproposalsoundsquitefeasible.(Moreexamplesonp20.)(Subject+LinkingVerb+Complement)Lecture2SentenceStructure112SV(A)intransitiveverb:Anintransitiveverbdoesnottakeanobject,butanadverbialissometimesrequiredforthecompletionofasentence.1.Theguestshavearrived.2.IliveinBeijing.(adverbialnottobeignored.)3.Theystayedinahotel.(notignored.)4.Thetrainleavesatsix.(notignored.)5.HewillbeflyingtoShanghai.(notignored.)6.Horsesrun(ontheground)andbirdsfly(inthesky).Theconstructionof“Therebe+NP+Adverbial”isconsideredtobethe“SV(A)type(Subject+IntransitiveVerb+Adverbial)Lecture2SentenceStructure123Insyntax,atransitiveverbisaverbthatrequiresbothasubjectandoneormoreobjects.Verbsthatrequireasingleobjectarecalledmonotransitiveverbs,e.g.;SVO(A)transitiveverb:①Iwantareturnticket.②Thetrainisbuildingupthespeed.③Iputthematerialevidenceinfrontofhim.(Theadverbialisnecessaryinthisclause.)ReadmoreexamplesonPage21.(Subject+TransitiveVerb+Object+AdverbialLecture2SentenceStructure13something.somebody.Thosetransitiveverbsthatareabletotakebothadirectobjectandanindirectobjectarecalledditransitiveverbs.4SVOOtransitiveverb:askbringbuygivelendmakesingsendshowtellwriteExamples:①Shetoldmealie.(Shetoldalietome.)②Isenthimatelegramlastweek..③Marylentmehercartheotherday.④Davidshowedmethewaytothecollege.⑤Someoneleftyouthisnote.⑥Imademyselfacupoftea.(Subject+Vt+indirectobject+directobjectLecture2SentenceStructure14SVOCtransitiveverb:Verbsthatmustbefollowedbyan“object+complement”arecalledcomplextransitiveverbs.appointcallelectmakenamepronouncepaint①Theymadehimmonitorlastyear.②Theyelectedhimpresident.③Hepronouncedhimselfinfavoroftheplan.④Theypaintedthewallcreamywhite.⑤Thedirectorappointedhimsalemanager.⑥Themothercallstheboy“Dabao”.Examples:5(Subject+Vt+Object+Complement)Exercise1Aonpage18Lecture2SentenceStructure151.2.2Transformationandexpansionofbasicclaus