新托福阅读-句子简化题

句子简化题句子简化题(SentenceSimplificationQuestion)(1)句子简化题简介和提问方式(2)句子简化的两个层面:语义和逻辑(3)常见的逻辑关系转换----四大“明显”/“隐含”关系•否定–明显否定关系的特色词汇:no,not,none,never,neither,deny–隐含否定关系的特色词汇:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定词缀less.因果•明显因果关系的特色词汇:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.隐含因果关系的特色词汇:a.表示导致含义:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役动词（let,leave,keep,help,have),support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.b.由……而来:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattributableto,beresponsiveto.c.反映,体现:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.d.考虑到…,依赖…:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.e.条件关系:if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,虚拟条件句.•比较–明显比较关系的特色词汇:同级比较\比较级–隐含比较关系的特色词汇:a.“变化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.b.“差异”:same,different.c.“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel•最高级\绝对化明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇:-est/比较级隐含最高级\绝对化关系的特色词汇:a.自身含有最高级含义:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.b.否定加比较:nothingcanbebetterthanthatc.程度较深的词:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修饰价格的high)•As-因为：asheislate,heispuished.•作为：asadoctor,hesavesnumerouspeople.•随着：asthesocietydevelops,povertyhasvanishedgradually.•像：theboyisasbraveashisPAPA.Importingthegrain,whichwouldhavebeenexpensiveandtimeconsumingfortheDutchtohaveproducedthemselves,keptthepriceofgrainlowandthusstimulatedindividualdemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoods.•○BuyingimportedgrainledtotheDutchdemandingthatotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsbeimported.•○BecausetheDutchwereabletoimportinexpensivegrain,theyhadmoneyavailabletocreateademandforotherfoodproductsandconsumergoods.•○KeepingthepriceofgrainlowwasaprimarygoaloftheDutchatatimewhentheycouldnotproduceenoughgraintoprovideforalltheirneeds.•○ThedemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsforcedtheDutchtoimportgrainandotherproductsatatimewhenmaintaininglowpriceswasespeciallyimportant.•2•Thefrequencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldestsiteshasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptiveterm—thePanaramiteestyle-alabelwhichtakesitsnamefromtheextensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouthAustralia,whicharecoveredwithmotifspeckedintothesurface.•1.TheoldestrockartsiteshavesimplermotifsthanthebestknownsitesofPanaramiteeNorth.•2.BecausemotifsprimarilyassociatedwiththePanaramiteeregionarecommonintheoldestsitesthetermPanaramiteestylehasbecomethegeneraltermforrockartofthistype.•3.BecausethePanaramiteestyleissocommonintheoldersites,researchershavedescribeditmostextensively.•4.ThemotifscarvedintherockysurfaceofthePanaramiteeregionmakeuptheoldestformofrockartdiscoveredinAustralia.•答案：(2)•TheamountofairexchangedisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.•○BecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM.•○BreathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.○BecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow.•○AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.•答案：(1)•Somescholarsexpandonthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgrowingnumbersofpeople:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields.•○Somescholarsevenclaimthattheintensificationoffarmers'variouseffortsduringthe1200sledtofurtherpopulationgrowthandtheconsequentneedformorearableland.•○Evidenceofintensifyingagricultureinthe1200sindicatesaneedtofeedalargerpopulationandsoextendstheargumentthatagrowingpopulationwasthecauseofthemovetopueblos.•○Duringthe1200s,farmersmetthedemandformorearableland,buttheyalsosucceededincultivatingexistinglandmoreintensivelywiththehelpofagriculturalconstructionprojects.•○Somescholarsfeelstronglythattheconstructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesinthethirteenthcenturyisindependentevidenceforgrowthinthenumberofpeople.•答案：(2)