以3E法进行多用途建筑物的安全及保安管理

&SecurityManagementthrough3EGryphonSOUSchoolofGraduateStudiesAsiaInternationalOpenUniversityMacauSpecialAdministrativeRegion,People’[e-mail]tindifferentbuiltenvironmentsisnotaneasyjob.RiskManagementinasinglebuiltenvironmentofmultipleoccupanciesisnotonlyuneasybutalsoanunfailingjob.BuildingOfficialsalwaysfaceadilemmaintheSafetyandSecurityManagementofsuchbuiltenvironment.Inthispaper,a3EApproachisintroducedtotheBuildingOfficialsasasafetyandsecuritysolution.Keywords:3E;DetentionFacilities;DensityElimination;HardwareEnhancement;SoftwareEnrichment.1IntroductionRiskManagementofabuildingwithmultipleoccupanciesisbasedontheanalysisoftheCompoundRisksofsomeCriticalIncidentsundertheTotalConceptApproach.Analyzingrisksin3D(DensityofDetention+DefectsofHardware+DeficiencyofSoftware),theRiskPriorityIndicatorenablestheBuildingOfficialstoassesstheCompoundRiskLeveltheexistingDetentionFacilitiesat3levels,High,MediumorLow(Exhibit1).Exhibit1:RiskAnalysisin3DRPI=DD*HD*SDRiskPriorityIndicator=DetentionDensityxHardwareDefectxSoftwareDeficiency(Source:)Underresourcesconstraint,prioritycanbeaccordedtotheremedyofDetentionFacilitiesofHighRisk.Thepossiblesolutionscouldbe3E:—EliminationofDensity(ED)EliminatethehighdensityoftheDetentionFacilitiesorthefrequentuseoftheparticularDetentionFacilities—EnhancementofHardware(EH)ModificationorRectificationoftheHardwareItems—EnrichmentofSoftware(ES)Introductionofprocedures,rulesandregulationsgoverningtheuseoftheDetentionFacilitiesorhandlingofDetainees&SecurityManagementthrough3E‘Safety&SecurityManagement’canbedefinedas‘asystemdesignedtoenableeffectiveandefficientCriticalIncidentmanagementbyintegratingacombinationoffacilities,equipment,personnel,procedures,andcommunicationsoperatingwithinacommonorganizationalstructure.’Moreover,itcanbeconstruedasthecombinationofHardware(premisesexclusivelyusedfordetentionoroccupanciesusedfortemporarydetention)andSoftware(handlingofDetaineesinlawfulcustody)undera‘TotalConceptApproach’.2.13EinTotalConceptApproachArchitecturaldesignsoftheHardware,inparticulartheborderstationsnotbuiltforthepurposeofdetention,arepredeterminedbytheiroriginaldesignorintendedmulti-occupancy.Thus,therewouldbeinherentHardwareDefectsintermsofSafety&SecurityManagement.Insuchcircumstances,thesafetyandsecurityofthepeopleinlawfulcustodycouldnotbesolelyensuredbydependenceonthehardwareitems.TheirprotectionfromCriticalIncidentsshouldbeprovidedbyappropriatearrangementofDetentionFacilities;adequate,trainedstaff;anddevelopmentofoperating,securityandmaintenanceprocedures.2.1.1EliminationofDensityInthelightofCriticalIncidents,itisbelievedthatasthenumberofdetaineesdecreases,riskstendtodecreaseproportionately.Withalesserdetentiondensityandlowerutilizationrate,itislikelythatthepossibilityofcriticalincidentswoulddecrease.StatisticssuggestthatagreaterdetentiondensityandhigherutilizationratemayhavebiggeropportunitiesofCriticalAccidents.Therefore,DensityElimination(Exhibit2)canbeaMitigatingFactorintheRiskManagement.Exhibit2:LowDensityDetentionFacilitiesinAmerica(Source:;;)2.1.2EnhancementofHardwareUnderthe‘TotalConceptApproach’,‘Risk’isacompoundof‘HardwareDefect(s)’and‘SoftwareDeficiency’.Naturally,HardwareEnhancementcouldbeanotherMitigatingFactorinRiskManagement.Takingthefurnitureandinternalhouseholdwaresofadetentionfacilityasanexample,,adetaineecoulduseportablefurnitureasstool,torn-outblanketasstring,overheadstructureasananchoringpointtocommitsuicide.Conversely,detentiongradehardware(Exhibit3)canenhancethesecurityandsafetyofthedetainees.Exhibit3:DetentionGradeHardwareinAmericanDetentionFacilities(Source:;;)2.1.3EnrichmentofSoftwareSoftwareDeficiencywouldalsojeopardizethedetainees’safetyandsecurity.IncaseofaHardwareDefect,e.g.,theabsenceofaremotelyactivatedsystemcapableofunlockingalldoorsinthemeansofegress,relevantSoftwareEnrichment(Exhibit4)wouldmitigatetheriskduetotheinherentHardwareDefects.Forinstance,thereshouldbesufficientmembersorattendantsinthesubjectDetentionFacilities,whoarecontinuouslyonduty,providedwithkeys,andstationedintheimmediateareaofalllockedmeansofegressdoors.Exhibit4:SoftwareEnrichmentinSafety&SecurityManagementofAmericanDetentionFacilities(Source:;;