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ImetmybestfriendTomattheststionyesterday.主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句诉说的对象，常用名词、数词或代词担任（是全句谈论的中心话题）。例：(1)Studentssyudy.（名词）(2)Wearefriends.（代词）(3)Togotogooduniversityishisfirstgoal.（不定式）(4)Doingmorningexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.（动名词）(5)Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.(6)Shewentoutinahurry.(7)Fourplusfouriseight.(8)Toseeistobelieve.(9)Smokingisbadforhealth.(10)Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.(11)Whathehassaidistrue.2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面（主语做什么了、怎么了）。例：(1)Studentsstudy.（实意动词）(2)Wearefriends.（be动词）(3)WeloveChina.(4)Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.(5)HecanspeakEnglish.（复合谓语）(6)Sheseemstired.(7)Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill.(8)Helookedaftertwoorphans.3、宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或代词之后（动作的对象，目标；位于及物动词之后）。宾语分为间接宾语和直接宾语。直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。例：(a)Hegavemesomebooks.间接宾语直接宾语(b)Pleasepassmethebook.(c)Heboughtmesomeflowers.(1)Theyareteachers.(2)Iplaywithhim.(3)Welovewatchingfootballgames.(4)Heisdongherhomeworknow.(5)Ilikemyjob.(6)Iloveyou.(7)Hewantedtoleavehere.(8)Theyenjoyedplayingfootballgames.注：位于介词之后的成分也称之为宾语。4、宾语补足语：是对宾语进行补充说明，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。例：(1)Ifoundthebookinteresting.(2)Doyousmellsomethingburning?(3)Hemadehimselfknowntothem.(4)Sheaskedmetolendherahand.(5)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(6)Pleasekeepthedogout.(7)Wemustkeepitasecret.主动语态变成被动语态后，宾语补足语变成主补。例：(1)Ilastsawhimplayingneartheriver.→Hewaslastseenplayingneartheriver.(2)Theteachercaughtthestudentcheatingintheexam.→Thestudentwascaughtcheatingintheexam.(3)Wemadehimmonitor.→Hewasmademonitor.(4)Hepushedthedooropen.→Thedoorwaspushedopen.5、定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任（是用来说明名词或代词性质特点的词）。形容词放在名词前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词之后。例：(1)Thisisaredsun.(2)Theblackbikeismine.(3)Heisatallboy.(4)Sheisachemistryteacher.(5)Themaninbllueismybrother.(6)Thegirlplayingthepianoismyyoungersister.(7)Theladywhoiswearingreddressisournewteacher.6、状语：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词、介词短语或整个句子的成分，常由副词担任。修饰动词的可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词的放在它们之前。例：(1)Thestudentsstudyhard.(2)Ioftenwritetohim.(3)Thebagistooheavy.(4)Iwillbebackinawhile.(5)Theyareplayingontheplayground.(6)Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.(7)Hegotupsolatethathemissedthetrain.(8)Iwaitedtoseeyou.(9)Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.(10)Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.(11)Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.(12)Thisbookisveryinteresting.(13)Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.(14)Healwayscomeslatetoschool.7、表语：系动词后的部分就是表语，表语是用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。常见的系动词有：be(am,is,are,were,was),aapear,look,seemfeel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,come,goetc.系动词不用于被动语态。例：(1)Thistableislong.(2)Theappletastessweet.(3)Thewarwasover.(4)Theyseemtoknowthetruth.(5)Timeisprecious.(6)I’mnotquitemyselftoday.(7)Whowasthefirst?(8)Heisoutofcondition.(9)ThebookiswhatIneed.通常情况下，主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间作状语放在句子的后面。（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）。(1)(Thetall)boy(often)go(tothebig)zoo.(2)(Thehappy)child-went(his)homeyesterday.英语句子成分歌：英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语标语跑，定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。英语五种基本句型：基本句型一：S+V（主+谓）基本句型二：S+V+P(主+系+表)基本句型三：S+V+O(主+谓+宾)基本句型四：S+V+o+O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)基本句型五：S+V+O+P(主+谓+宾+宾补)SVPoOC句型一ShecooksHeisworkingWhathesaiddoesnotmatterThepenwritesmoothly句型二HeishappyEverythinglooksniceHisfaceturnedred句型三WestudyEnglisheverdayTheyareplayingfootballHeenjoysreadingShesaid“Goodmorning”.句型四IgivehimabookMymotherbroughtmeapenyesterdayIshowedhimmypictureWemustkeepthedooropenThenewsmakesmehappyWecallhimJimHetoldmetowashtheplatesIsawathieftgoingintoyourroom二、从句从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独做一个句子。英语中主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，定语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句，包括时间，结果，条件，目的，原因，让步，地点，方式等）1、主从作主语，例：Thattheearthisroundistruth.2、宾从作宾语，例：Doyouknowwherehelives?3、表从左表语，：Myopinionisthatyoushouldnotgoalone.(一)主语从句一、1、定义：作句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。2、引导词：主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导，that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例：(1)Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。(2)Whowillwonthematchisstillunknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。(3)Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。(4)WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldishasnotyetbeenannounced.英语晚会将在那里举行，还没有宣布。二、1、找主语从句时，先找到句子的谓语，主句的谓语前面的从句，就是主语从句。(1)Whyheleftwasn’timportant.主语从句主句的谓语动词(2)Thathebecameanartistmayhavebeenduetoherfather’sinfluence.主语从句主句的谓语动词2、that引导的主语从句可以放在主语的位置，这时that不可省略。例：Thatpriceswillgoupiscertain.3、that主语从句放在句首的情况不是很常见，绝大部分主语从句都借助形式主语it，主语从句放在后面。(1)Itisstrangethatheknowsnothingaboutit.(2)Itisapitythathecan’tswim.(3)Ithappenedthathewasn’tinthatday.(4)ItissaidthattherehasbeenanearthquakeinIndia.在口语中,用it作形式主语是，主语从句的that可以省略。4、有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：(1)It+be+名词+that从句(2)It+be+形容词+that从句(3)It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句(4)It+不及物动词+that从句注意：主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“should+do”，常用的句型有：(1)Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…(2)It’sapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…(3)Itissuggested(required,proposed,desired,etc)that…5、wh-疑问词引导的主语从句，可以放在句首(1)，也可以借助形式主语it(2)。(1)Whenhe’llbebackdependsmuchontheweather.Howitwasdonewasamystery.Whetherwe’llsucceedremainstobeseen.(2)Itisuncertainwhetherthegamewillbeheld.It’sapuzzleno