初中英语句子成分及五种基本句型讲解与练习

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1句子成分&五种基本句型一、考点、热点回顾I.【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。(一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如:(1)Lucyisabeautifulnurse.(名词作主语)(2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.(代词作主语)(3)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.(动名词作主语)(4)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.(不定式作主语)(5)Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.(主语从句作主语)(二)谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如:Hisparentsareteachers.(系动词作谓语)Westudyhard.(行为动词作谓语)Wedon’tfinishreadingthebook.(助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)HecanspeakEnglish.(情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)(三)宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.(名词作宾语)Shesays(that)sheisill.(宾语从句作动词宾语)Weoftenhelphim.(代词作宾语)Helikestoplaybasketball.(不定式作宾语)Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give,show(给……看),bring,pass,buy等。如:(1)Ourteachertellsusastory.(2)Thesungivesuslight.间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。★间接宾语前加“to”的有:give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise(答应),refuse(拒绝)等。★间接宾语加“for”的有:2make,buy,do,get,play,order(命令),sing,pay等(1)Igivehimabook.改成:(2)Hepassesmethebook.(他将书递给我。)改成:(3)Hewritesmealetter.改成:(4)Hewillbuymesomebooks.改成:(5)Sheismakingmeacake.改成:(四)宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如:Theymakeherhappy.(形容词)Iseeherdance.(省to的不定式)We’llhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.(名词)Pleaselethimin.(副词)Weheardhersingingasong.(分词短语)(五)表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及名词或形容词短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如:Iamateacher.(名词)Heisalwayshappy.(形容词)Theyareontheplaygroundnow.(介词短语)Itgetscold.(形容词)Be动词(am,is,are,was,were)系动词表保持(keep,stay,remain)表改变(get,become,turn)感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来))如:Itsoundsinteresting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)Weshouldallremaincareful.(Remain为系动词,careful为表语)(六)定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:Theblackbikeismine.(形容词)What’syourname?(代词)Theymakepaperflowers.(名词)说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing,anything,everything,something等时,定语在不定代词后面。如:Itellhimsomethinginteresting.(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)Hehassomethingtodo.(todo为不定式作后置定语)说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。如:TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.(intheroom是介词短语作theboys3的后置定语。)(七)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。如:Hediditcarefully.(副词)Weoftenhelphim.(副词)HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.(介词短语)WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.(从句作时间状语)Hesitsthere.(副词地点状语)II.【五种基本句型】A.主语+不及物动词(主谓)如:Thesunrises.太阳升起来。Thecarstopped.小汽车停下来了。rise和stop都是不及物动词,因此后边不必加宾语。B.主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)如:Ilovemycountry.Hehelpsme.Ilikeactionmovies.Ibuyabook.C.主语+系动词+表语(主系表)如:Herbrotherisadriver.Wefeelhappy.(feel为系动词,表示感到……)Itgetsdark.天黑了。(get为系动词,表示变得)Tomlooksill.Tom看上去病了。(look为系动词,表示看上去,看起来)D.主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)(主谓+直宾+间宾)如:HegivesTomapresent.(双宾语)他给汤姆一件礼物。Mothermakeanewdressforme.(双宾语)妈妈为我做了一件衣服。E.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)如:TheycallherMary.(宾补)他们叫她Mary。Wemakeourclassroomcleanandtidy.(宾补)我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。Healwaysmakesuslaugh.(宾补)他总使我们笑。二、典型例题写出划线部分的句子成分。1.Lilyiscleaningthedesknow.2.Hergardenisthebestinourtown.3.LiuMingisthirteenyearsold.4.Ilikethisbookverymuch.45.ThegirlonthebluebikeisJane’ssister.6.Shedidn’tcometomypartybecauseshewasill.7.WangPingdoeshishomeworkcarefully.8.WewillgototheChildren’sPalaceonceaweek.9.Theyareintheclassroom.10.Itsoundsgood.11.HisnameisPaul.12.Wealwaysgotoschoolearly.三、课后练习(一)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherdoesn'tdohishomework.ABCD②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.ABCD③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.ABCD④Howmanynewwordsdoyoulearn?ABCD⑤Somestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?ABCD(二)挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.ABCD②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?ABCD③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCD④SoonTheyallbecomeinterestedinthesubject.ABCD⑤Sheisthefirsttolearnaboutit.ABCD5(三)挑出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.ABCD②Whatisyourgivenname?ABCD③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.ABCD④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.ABCD⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.ABCD(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapers&booksinthereading-room.ABCD②Heaskshertotaketheboyoutofschool.ABCD③Shefinditdifficulttodothework.ABCD④TheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCD⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.ABCD(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Thereisabigsmileonherface.ABCD②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.ABCD③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.ABCD④Themanonthemotorbikeistravellingtofast.ABCD⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.ABCD(六)划出句中的直接宾语()和间接宾语()①Pleasetellusastory.6②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Doesheleaveanymessageforme?(七)写出下列句子的结构1.Theyworkhard.______________2.Theflowersaredead.____________3.Plantsneedwater.______________4.Hegavemesomeseeds.___________5.Weshouldkeeptheplantintheshade.____________6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.___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