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24420044ACTAECOLOGICASINICAVol.24,No.4Apr.,2004沈泽昊(,,100871):(No.30000024):2003-07-06;:2003-11-26:(1968),,,,,Foundationitem:NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.30000024)Receiveddate:2003-07-06;Accepteddate:2003-11-26Biography:SHENZe-Hao,Ph.D.,Associateprofessor,mainlyengagedinvegetationscienceandlandscapeecology.:,2080,,,3:;,,;,3,,,4,,(EMS),EMS:;;;;;AreviewontheexperimentalapproachinlandscapeecologySHENZe-Hao(DepartmentofEcology,CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversity,Beijing100871,China).ActaEcologicaSinica,2004,24(4):769774.Abstract:Asoneofthefundamentalapproachesinecologicalresearch,experimentisakeystepinthevalidationofhypothesesandthedevelopmentoftheories.Itwasnotuntillate1980sthattheexperimentalapproachbegantobeappliedinlandscapeecology,anddevelopedmoreslowlythanotherapproaches.Inrecentyears,theconceptoflandscapehasbeenincreasinglyemphasizedasthespatialheterogeneityatvariousscales.Furthermore,thecomparativelylargescaleandspatialheterogeneityoftheobjectsstudiedoftenimpedethedesignandmanipulationofexperimentsinlandscapeecology.However,patternsandprocessesinnaturallandscapesexhibitbroadstructuralself-similarity,makingexperimentaldesignfeasible.Currently,theexperimentalmethodsusedinlandscapeecologycanbeclassifiedintothreecategories.Fieldcomparativemeasuringexperimentsconstitutethemajorpartoftheexperimentsinlandscapeecology.Manipulativeexperimentsnormallyhaveamorerigorousdesign,andcanachievemorereliableresults,butaremorelikelytobelimitedbyspace,money,instrumentandotherresources.Lastly,computermodelingexperiments,typicallybasedonpriorfieldcomparativemeasuringormanipulativeexperimentalstudies,aremoreandmorelikelytoberegardedasanalternativeforovercomingthepreviousdifficulties,especiallyforhypothesisvalidationandtheoryexploration.Thestrengthsandweaknessesofeachapproacharecomplementary,andensurethatallwillcontinuetobeused.Experimentalmethodsinlandscapeecologycanbetracedbacktoexperimentsinpopulation,communityandecosystemecology,butareuniqueinthescientificproblemsaddressed,andthescaleformanipulation.Therearefourspatialtargetsofexperimentallandscaperesearch:patch,edge,landscape,andpatchtolandscape.Eachtypecorrespondstoadifferentlevelofbiologicalassemblage,differinginthecentralscientificproblemandresolvingapproachinexperimentdesign.Comparativemeasuringandmanipulativeexperimentsrelatingseveralspatialandtemporalscalesarehelpfulforexploringscalingrulesofecologicalphenomenaandmechanisms.Scalingisnowviewedasoneofthechallengesandcentralissuesinexperimentallandscapeecologystudies.TheapplicationofExperimentalModelingSystem(EMS)hasonlyrecentlybeenregardedasanadvanceofexperimentallandscapeecology,althoughtheideahasbeenappliedinpopulationandecosystemstudiesforseveraldecades.Thissystemisfavoredforconservingmorenaturalfactorsandadequatelycontrollingdesignparameters.Thediscussionaboutthedesignmethodologyandbroadapplicationincasestudiessuggeststhat,theEMSapproachwillgreatlyenhancethedevelopmentofexperimentallandscapeecology.Keywords:landscapeexperiment;scale;comparativemensurativeexperiment;manipulativeexperiment;computermodelingexperiment;ExperimentalModelingSystem(EMS):1000-0933(2004)04-0769-06:Q149:ADiamond3[1],,,,,Schimper,19[2],Gause[3]2080,:DebinskiHolt,1984199922,20,90[4],,[5,6]:,;;;,,;();!,1980,,,[3,69]:,;;,;,,,[9][10][11]12090,,[12],,[13],,[14,15],(Scalingup)[16,17],,[13],,[12]2,:,(control);;[18],3,:;;2.1,,,,77024:,[18]:,;,;,!,,(disturbanceregime):;;2.2,[18],:,;;;!;!;∀;#,:;;[8]2.3,[8,19,20];;,[21],,,[2224],,2.43:(1),;(2),;(3),,,3,4:()[9]3.1,,,,/()()[2528],,,,Carpenter(Pairedcatchment)[5][29]7714:[30][31]HubbardBrook[32],,3.2,(),,[33],,[33,34],,[9]()(,)[25][35,36][3740],,3.3,,McGarigalCushman1995199955,5,23[9]:[28][41,42][43],[44],;,3.4-,[45]McGarigalCushman:,[9]-55,8,4,-(),,DooleyBower20hm2,(Microtuspennsylvanicus),3(0.06,0.25,1.0hm2):,72%,[46],4(ExperimentalModelSystem,EMS),,EMSEMS,,[6,8]4.1,[6],;,(Microlandscape)[8,47]EMS(Microcosms),20[5]Gause[3]Odum[48]Huffaker[49]2[50]:,;;[51]772244.22080[52]WiensMilne[47]105m5m,(Coleoptera),Lovejoy[53]RobinsonHolt1984,,[26,28]Grime[29]2090,EMS,EMS:(1);,,(2),[54],,[4,26,55](3),;[27,28][56](4),(),EMS,[56],,:;;[57],EMSReferences:[1]DiamondJ.Overview:laboratoryexperiments,fieldexperimentsandnaturalexperiments.In:David,J.andT.J.Case,eds.Communityecology.HarperandRow,NewYork,USA,1986.[2]McIntochRP.TheBackgroundofEcology.CambridgeUniversityPress,Camgridge,U.K.,1985.[3]GauseGF.ThestruggleforExistence.WilliamsandWilins,1934.[4]DebinskiDM,HoltRD.Asurveyandoverviewofhabitatfragmentationexperiments.ConservationBiology,2000,14(2):342355.[5]CarpenterSR,ChisholmSW,KrebsCJ,etal.EcosystemExperiments.Science,1995,269:324327.[6]ImsRA.Experimentallandscapeecology.In:WiensJA,MossMR,eds.IssuesinLandscapeEcology.IALE5thWorldCongress.Colorado:SnowmassVillage,1999.[7]LawtonJH.Ecologicalexperimentswithmodelsystems.Science,1995,269:328331.[8]WuJG.Landscapeecologypattern,process,scaleandhierarchy.Beijing:HigherEducationPress,2000.[9]McGarigalK,CushmanSA.Comparativeevaluationofexperimentalapproac