【作登字】05—2011—A—132号注音详解卷九唐宋文〔清〕吴楚材吴调侯选注牛冲校注征求意见·欢迎挑错目录驳复仇议..................................................................1桐叶封弟辨...............................................................5箕子碑......................................................................7捕蛇者说................................................................10种树郭橐驼传.........................................................13梓人传....................................................................16愚溪诗序................................................................23永州韦使君新堂记..................................................26钴鉧潭西小丘记.....................................................29小石城山记.............................................................31贺进士王参元失火书..............................................33待漏院记................................................................36黄冈竹楼记.............................................................40书洛阳名园记后.....................................................43严先生祠堂记.........................................................44岳阳楼记................................................................46谏院题名记.............................................................49义田记....................................................................50袁州州学记.............................................................54朋党论....................................................................57纵囚论....................................................................60释秘演诗集序.........................................................631驳bó复fù仇chóu议yì柳liǔ宗zōng元yuán臣chén伏fú见jiàn天tiān后hòu唐武后。时shí,有yǒu同tóng州zhōu下xià邽guī人rén徐xú元yuán庆qìng者zhě,父fù爽shuǎng为wéi县xiàn尉wèi赵zhào师shī韫yùn所suǒ杀shā,卒zú能néng手shǒu刃rèn父fù仇chóu,束shù身shēn归guī罪zuì。后师韫为御史,元庆变姓名,于驿家佣力。久之,师韫以御史舍亭下。元庆手刃之,自囚诣官。△伏:敬词,古时臣对君奏言多用之。同州:州治在今陕西大荔。下邽:同州属县。县尉:官名,掌管一县治安。当dāng时shí谏jiàn臣chén陈chén子zǐ昂áng建jiàn议yì,诛zhū之zhī而ér旌jīng其qí闾lǘ,且qiě请qǐng‚编biān之zhī于yú令lìng,永yǒng为wéi国guó典diǎn‛。时议者以元庆孝烈,欲舍其罪。子昂建议,以为国法专杀者死,元庆宜正国法,然旌其闾墓,以褒其孝义可也。议者以子昂为是。○叙述其事作案。△谏臣:掌谏诤的官员。旌:表彰。闾:里巷。臣chén窃qiè独dú过guò之zhī。总驳一句。△窃:谦词。私下。过之:以之为错。臣chén闻wén礼lǐ之zhī大dà本běn,以yǐ防fáng乱luàn也yě,若ruò曰yuē无wú为wéi贼zéi虐nüè,凡fán为wéi子zǐ者zhě杀shā无wú舎shè;子不当仇而仇者,死。△大本:根本。指根本作用。无为:别做。贼虐:残害;行凶杀人。刑xíng之zhī大dà本běn,亦yì以yǐ防fáng乱luàn也yě,若ruò曰yuē无wú为wéi贼zéi虐nüè,凡fán为wéi治zhì者zhě杀shā无wú舎shè。吏不当杀而杀者,死。○以礼刑大本上说起,是议论大根源处。其qí本běn则zé合hé,其qí用yòng2则zé异yì,旌jīng与yǔ诛zhū莫mò得dé而ér并bìng焉yān。一句点醒,破其首鼠两端之说。△莫得:不得。诛zhū其qí可kě旌jīng,兹zī谓wèi滥làn,黩dú刑xíng甚shèn矣yǐ;旌jīng其qí可kě诛zhū,兹zī谓wèi僭jiàn,坏huài礼lǐ甚shèn矣yǐ。《左传》:“善为国者,赏不僭,刑亦不滥。”○互发以足上句意。△滥:滥刑。黩刑:滥施刑罚。僭:超越本分。果guǒ以yǐ是shì示shì于yú天tiān下xià,传chuán于yú后hòu代dài,趋qū义yì者zhě不bù知zhī所suǒ向xiàng,违wéi害hài者zhě不bù知zhī所suǒ立lì,以yǐ是shì为wéi典diǎn,可kě乎hū?以上泛言旌诛并用之非。△趋:追求。违:躲避。盖gài圣shèng人rén之zhī制zhì,穷qióng理lǐ以yǐ定dìng赏shǎng罚fá,本běn情qíng以yǐ正zhèng褒bāo贬biǎn,统tǒng于yú一yī而ér已yǐ矣yǐ。此言圣人旌诛不并用。“穷理”、“本情”四字,甚细。△制:法度。穷理:穷究事物之理。本情:推原人之常情。统于一:指礼和刑的目的统于“防乱”。向xiàng使shǐ刺cì谳yàn其qí诚chéng伪wěi,考kǎo正zhèng其qí曲qū直zhí,原yuán始shǐ而ér求qiú其qí端duān,则zé刑xíng礼lǐ之zhī用yòng,判pàn然rán离lí矣yǐ。刺,讯也。议罪曰谳。诚伪,以情言。曲直,以理言。○承上正转一笔,起下二段议论。△向使:假使。刺谳:调查定案。原始:考察本始。端:原委。判然:明显。离:区别。何hé者zhě?若ruò元yuán庆qìng之zhī父fù,不bú陷xiàn于yú公gōng罪zuì,师shī韫yùn之zhī诛zhū,独dú以yǐ其qí私sī怨yuàn,奋fèn其qí吏lì气qì,虐nüè于yú非fēi辜gū,州zhōu牧mù不bù知zhī罪zuì,刑xíng官guān不bù知zhī问wèn,上shàng下xià蒙méng冒mào,吁yù号háo不bù闻wén;吁,呼也。△公罪:触犯国法所获之罪。吏气:官吏的气势。不知罪:不知惩罚。蒙冒:庇护。而ér元yuán庆qìng能néng以yǐ戴dài天tiān为wéi大dà耻chǐ,枕zhěn戈gē为wéi3得dé礼lǐ,《礼记》:“父之仇,不与共戴天。”又曰:“居父母之仇,寝苫枕戈,不仕,弗与共天下也。”处chǔ心xīn积jī虑lǜ,以yǐ冲chōng仇chóu人rén之zhī胸xiōng,介jiè然rán自zì克kè,即jí死sǐ无wú憾hàn,是shì守shǒu礼lǐ而ér行xíng义yì也yě。△冲:刺。介然:坚定不动摇。克:完成。执zhí事shì者zhě宜yí有yǒu惭cán色sè,将jiāng谢xiè之zhī不bù暇xiá,而ér又yòu何hé诛zhū焉yān?一段写旌之不宜诛。△谢:道歉;认错。其qí或huò元yuán庆qìng之zhī父fù,不bù免miǎn于yú罪zuì,师shī韫yùn之zhī诛zhū,不bù愆qiān于yú法fǎ,是shì非fēi死sǐ于yú吏lì也yě,是shì死sǐ于yú法fǎ也yě。△愆:违背。法fǎ其qí可kě仇chóu乎hū?仇chóu天tiān子zǐ之zhī法fǎ,而ér戕qiāng奉fèng法fǎ之zhī吏lì,是shì悖bèi骜ào而ér凌líng上shàng也yě。△戕:杀害。悖骜:狂悖傲慢。凌上:侮犯尊长。执zhí而ér诛zhū之zhī,所suǒ以yǐ正zhèng邦bāng典diǎn,△明正典刑。而ér又yòu何hé旌jīng焉yān?一段写诛之不宜旌。○二段透发“旌与诛莫得而并”之意。且qiě其qí议yì曰yuē:‚人rén必bì有yǒu子zǐ,子zǐ必bì有yǒu亲qīn,△亲:父母。亲qīn亲qīn相xiāng仇chóu,其qí乱luàn谁shuí救jiù?‛述子昂原议。△亲亲:爱自己的父母。是shì惑huò于yú礼lǐ也yě甚shèn矣yǐ。礼lǐ之zhī所suǒ谓wèi仇chóu者zhě,盖gài其qí冤yuān抑yì沉chén痛tòng,而ér号háo无wú告gào也yě;△冤抑:冤屈。沉痛:深切悲痛。号:大声呼叫。非fēi谓wèi抵dǐ罪zuì触chù法fǎ,陷xiàn于yú大dà戮lù。△大戮:杀而陈尸示众。而ér曰yuē‚彼bǐ杀shā之zhī,我wǒ乃nǎi杀shā之zhī‛,不bú议yì曲qū4直zhí,暴bào寡guǎ胁xié弱ruò而ér已yǐ。△暴寡:欺凌孤寡。其qí非fēi经jīng背bèi圣shèng,不bú亦yì甚shèn哉zāi?此段申明“仇”字之义,正驳子昂言仇之失。△非:违背。《周zhōu礼lǐ》:‚调tiáo人rén,调人,官名。掌zhǎng司sī万wàn人rén之zhī仇chóu。‛△负责调解民众之间的仇怨争端。‚凡fán杀shā人rén而ér义yì者zhě,令lìng勿wù仇chóu,仇chóu之zhī则zé死sǐ。‛‚有yǒu反fǎn杀shā者zhě,邦bāng国guó交jiāo仇chóu之zhī。‛《周礼》,见《地官》。△反杀:报杀人之仇而杀人。交:俱。又yòu安ān得dé亲qīn亲qīn相xiāng仇chóu也yě?《春chūn秋qiū公gōng羊yáng传zhuàn》曰yuē:‚父fù不bú受shòu诛zhū,子zǐ复fù仇chóu可kě也yě。父fù受shòu诛zhū,子zǐ复fù仇chóu,此cǐ推tuī刃rèn之zhī道dào,复fù仇chóu不bù除chú害hài。‛《公羊传》,见定公四年。不受诛,谓罪不当诛也。一来一往曰推刃。不除害,谓取仇身而已,不得兼其子也。今jīn若ruò取qǔ此cǐ以yǐ断duàn两liǎng下xià相xiāng杀shā,则zé合hé于yú礼lǐ矣yǐ。两下相杀,谓师韫杀元庆之父,元庆又杀师韫。○引《周礼》、《公羊》,以明杀人不义,与不受诛者,皆可复仇。论有根据,一篇主意,具见于此。△两下:双方。且qiě夫fú不bú忘wàng仇chóu,孝xiào也yě;不bú爱ài死sǐ,义yì也yě。△且夫:况且。爱:吝惜。元yuán庆qìng能néng不bú越yuè于yú礼lǐ,服fú孝xiào死sǐ义yì,是shì必bì达dá