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1试题代码：10012011年春季博士研究生英语入学考试（A）考生请注意：1.本试题共5大题，共15页，请考生注意检查；2.答题时，请直接将答题内容写在我校提供的答题纸上；答在试卷上一律无效。3.本试题不得拆散，拆散后遗失后果自负。Ⅰ.ReadingComprehension(30%;onemarkeach):Direction:Readthefollowingsixpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneTheconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverwewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice,FriesandCrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.1.Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause______.[A]personalhealthchoiceshelpcuremostillnesses[B]ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledge[C]itisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansociety[D]wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth2.To“liveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Para.1)mostprobablymeans______.[A]to“liveaninactivelife”[B]to“liveadecentlife”2[C]to“livealifewithcompletefreedom”[D]to“livealifeofvice”3.Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause______.[A]currentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficient[B]therearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisions[C]fewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflifeforthequantityoflife[D]peopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriends4.ToknowinglyallowoneselftopursueunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriesandCrapoto______.[A]improvingthequalityofone'slife[B]limitingone'spersonalhealthchoice[C]deliberatelyendingone'slife[D]breakingtherulesofsocialbehavior5.AccordingtoFriesandCraposoundhealthchoiceshouldbebasedon______.[A]personaldecisions[B]society'slaws[C]statisticalevidence‘[D]friends’opinionsPassageTwoSomedayastrangerwillreadyoure-mailwithoutyourpermissionorscanthewebsitesyou'vevisited.Orperhapssomeonewillcasuallyglancethroughyourcreditcardpurchasesorcellphonebillstofindoutyourshoppingpreferencesorcallinghabits.Infact,it’slikelysomeofthesethingshavealreadyhappenedtoyou.Whowouldwatchyouwithoutyourpermission?Itmightbeaspouse,agirlfriend,amarketingcompany,aboss,acoporacriminal.Whoeveritis,theywillseeyouinawayyouneverintendedtobeseen-the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked.Psychologiststellusboundariesarehealthy,thatit’simportanttorevealyourselftofriends,familyandloversinstages,atappropriatetimes.Butfewboundariesremain.Thedigitalbreadcrumbsyouleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,whereyouareandwhatyoulike.Insomecases,asimpleGooglesearchcanrevealwhatyouthink.Likeitornot,increasinglyweliveinaworldwhereyousimplycannotkeepasecret.Thekeyquestionis:Doesthatmatter?FormanyAmericans,theanswerapparentlyis“no”.WhenopinionpollsaskAmericansaboutprivacy,mostsaytheyareconcernedaboutlosingit.Asurveyfoundanoverwhelmingpessimismaboutprivacy,with60percentofrespondentssayingtheyfeeltheirprivacyisslippingaway,andthatbothersme.Butpeoplesayonethinganddoanother.OnlyatinyfractionofAmericanschangeanybehaviorsinanefforttopreservetheirprivacy.FewpeopleturndownadiscountattollboothstoavoidusingtheEZ-Passsystemthatcantrackautomobilemovements.Andfewturndownsupermarketloyaltycards.PrivacyeconomistAlessandroAcquitshasrunaseriesofteststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformationlikeSocialSecuritynumbersjusttogettheir3handsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon.Butprivacydoesmatter—atleastsometimes.It’slikehealth;whenyouhaveit,youdon'tnoticeit.Onlywhenit'sgonedoyouwishyou'ddonemoretoprotectit.6.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked”(Lines3,Para.2)[A]People'spersonalinformationiseasilyaccessedwithouttheirknowledge.[B]Inthe21stcenturypeopletryeverymeanstolookintoothers'secrets.[C]Peopletendtobemorefrankwitheachotherintheinformationage.[D]Criminalsareeasilycaughtonthespotwithadvancedtechnology.7.Whatwould