Peter-Newmark

PeterNewmark(12April1916–9July2011)wasanEnglishprofessoroftranslationattheUniversityofSurrey.HewasoneofthemainfiguresinthefoundingofTranslationStudiesintheEnglish-speakingworldintwentiethcentury.HewasalsoveryinfluentialintheSpanish-speakingworld.Heiswidelyreadthroughaseriesofaccessibleandoccasionallypolemicalworks:ATextbookofTranslation(1988),ParagraphsonTranslation(1989),AboutTranslation(1991),MoreParagraphsonTranslation(1998)A.MajorTranslationTheoriesTwoTranslationMethods&ThreeTypesofTextsComprehensionSLTextFormulation(Recreation)TLTextTwoTranslationMethodsSLemphasisTLemphasisWord-for-wordtranslationLiteralTranslationFaithfulTranslationIdiomaticTranslationCommunicativeTranslationSemanticTranslationFreeTranslationAdaptationSemanticTranslationCommunicativeTranslationSLorientedTLorientedAuthor'slinguisticlevelReadershiplevelInterpretsExplainsMoreeconomicalLesseconomicalFaithful-moreliteralFaithful-freerInformativeEffectiveDetailed,morecomplexbutbrieferClearer,simpler,smootherbutlongerMorespecificthanoriginalUnder-translatedMaintainsmeaningMaintainsmessageUsuallyaworkofonetranslatorAtranslationteamUsedforexpressivetextsUsedforinformativeandvocativetextsComparsionbetweenSemantic&CommunicativeTranslationWetpaint!semantictranslation(语义翻译)：湿油漆！communicativetranslation（交际翻译）：油漆未干，请勿触摸！BissigerHund&Chienmechantsemantictranslation(语义翻译)：dogthatbites&savagedogcommunicativetranslation（交际翻译）：BewareofthedogThreeTypesofTextsExpressivefunctionInformativeFunctionVocativeFunctionExpressiveistodowiththemindofthespeaker,writer,theoriginatoroftheutterancewhichheusedtoexpresshisfeelingsirrespectiveofanyresponse.Expressivetexttypesareimaginativeliteratureauthoritativestatements,autobiographies,essayandpersonalcorrespondence.Informativeistodowiththeexternalsituation,thefactsofatopicincludingreportedideasortheories.They'reconsideredwithaytopicofkonwledgeandoftenhavestandardformatssuchas:textbooks,textbooks,technicalreports,scientificpapersoragendaofmeeting.Informativetextsconveyinformation.Vocativeistodowiththereadership,theaddressee.Thereadershipiscalledupontoact,thinkortoreactinthewayintendedbythetext.Typicaltypesofvocativetextsare:notices,publicity,propaganda,persuasivewritingandadvertisement.B.ComparedwithEugeneNidaEugeneNidaPeterNewmarkTranslationisnotascienceTranslationisascienceFunctionalTranslationsmanticandCommunicativeTranslationFormalequivalence：我不是哈姆雷特。Dynamicequivalence：我不会犹豫。IamnoHamlet.Wordforwordtranslation“Thisisoftendemonstratedasinterlineartranslation,whichtheTLimmediatelybelowtheSLwords.TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeanings,outofcontext.Culturalwordsaretranslatedliterally.Themainuseofword-for-wordtranslationiseithertounderstandthemechanicsofthesourcelanguageorasapre-translationprocess.”Literaltranslation“TheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre-translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.”Faithfultranslation“AfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginalwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures.It'transfers'culturalwordsandpreservesthedegreeofgrammaticalandlexical'abnormality'(deviationfromSLnorms)inthetranslation.Itattemptstobecompletelyfaithfultotheintentionsandthetext-realizationoftheSLwriter.”Semantictranslation“Semantictranslationdiffersfrom'faithfultranslation'onlyinasfarasitmusttakemoreaccountoftheaestheticvaluethatis,thebeautifulandnaturalsoundsoftheSLtext,compromisingon'meaning'whereappropriatesothatnoassonance,word-playorrepetitionjarsinthefinishedversion.Further,itmaytranslatelessimportantculturalwordsbyculturallyneutralthirdorfunctionaltermsbutnotbyculturalequivalents.Thedistinctionbetween'faithful'and'semantic'translationisthatthefirstisuncompromisinganddogmatic,whilethesecondismoreflexible,admitsthecreativeexceptionto100%fidelityandallowsforthetranslator'sintuitiveempathywiththeoriginal.”Adaptation“Thisisthe'freest'formoftranslation.Itisusedmainlyforplays,comediesandpoetry.Thethemes,characters,plotsareusuallypreserved,theSLcultureconvertedtotheTLcultureandthetextrewritten.Thedeplorablepracticeofhavingaplayorpoemliterallytranslatedandtherewrittenbyanestablisheddramatistorpoethasproducedmanypooradaptations,butotheradaptationshave'rescuedperiodplays.”Freetranslation“Freetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.Usuallyitisaparaphrasemuchlongerthantheoriginal,aso-called'intralingualtranslation',oftenprolixandpretentious,andnottranslationatall.”Idiomatictranslation“Idiomatictranslationreproducesthe'message'oftheoriginalbuttendstodistortnuancesofmeaningbypreferringcolloquialismsandidiomswherethesedonotexistintheoriginal.”Communicativetranslation“Communicativetranslationattemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlangugearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.”