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1英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷长难句)英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。五种基本句式如下：1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语3主语＋系动词＋表语4主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语5主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语此外还有特殊句式如therebe-,强调句，倒装句等。但是在真实的语言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写(概要写作)和应用文写作。在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一。因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各种从句等。下面分类解析：一、复杂主语包括下列情形：含有连词如and,both...and...,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...but(also),aswellas；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。如：Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(aswellas连接thosewho...与thoseleastliked...做主语)2Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagony(痛苦)ofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.(动词不定式todo结构做主语)Connectingtothecommunity（社区）asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.(2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(-ing形式做主语)Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.(2018全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(-ing形式做主语)Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B)(主语从句充当主语)Shackleton,aonetimeBritishmerchant-navyofficerwhohadgottowithin100milesoftheSouthPolein1908,startedabusiness...(2016全国甲卷阅读理解D)(同位语结构做主语)二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔Mr.Robbins,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,isleavingLondonforParis.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.(2016全国丙卷语法填空)FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostofwhichhaveneverbeforebeenpublished.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)Accordingtothereport'skeyfindings,“theproportion(比例)whosaythey‘never’or‘hardlyever’readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.”(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)Thewomansittingatthedesk,seeingmymadness,sympatheticallyjumpedup.(2016全国甲卷完形填空)三、复杂表语包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。3One(reason)wasthatIwasamazedatthefactthatasickpersoncouldfeelmuchbetterafterseeingadoctor.(2019高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)(表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句)Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.(2018全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)(表语从句中还含有while并列句)四、复杂宾语包括非谓语动词、(并列)宾语从句(介词后和动词后)等。Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate--sharing,kindness,openness--carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.(2019全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有定语从句)Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有-ing形式和定语从句)Inordertopasstheclass,amongothercriteria,wehadtowriteapaperon①howweplantoapply②whatwewouldlearninclasstoourfutureprofessionsand,eventually,toourlives.(2018全国卷Ⅱ完形填空)(①是介词on所带的宾语从句，②是动词apply所带的宾语从句)Axaniwroteinhispost①thatheisnotlookingforanythinginreturnand②thatthewomanwhousestheextraticketcanchoosetoeithertravelwithhimortaketheticketandtravelonherown.(2017全国Ⅲ卷完形填空)(wrote带有2个由that引导的宾语从句，第②个宾语从句含有who引导的定语从句)五、复杂定语包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、(多个)定语从句等。It’sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.(2017全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解A)(省略了that/which的定语从句)4TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C)(who引导定语从句)ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.(2016全国新课标乙卷语法填空)(when引导的定语从句中含有-ed形式和-ing形式做定语)ThursdayseesusmaketheshortjourneytoPariswherewewillvisitDisneylandParispark，stayinguntillatetoseetheparadeandthefireworks.(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)(where引导定语从句)Readersalsotendedtosharearticles①thatwereexcitingorfunny,or②thatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticles③thatleftthemmerelysad.(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D)(含有三个that引导的定语从句)Also,itisnotuncommonanymoretofindcarpenters(木匠)withcollegedegreesandcarpenterswithasolidknowledgeofmathematics,whichwouldenablethemtodealwithmoredifficulthousedesigns.(含有两个with介词短语做定语和which引导的定语从句)Now,usingteethandbonepiecestakenfromthebaby’sgrave,scientistshavecomparedtheDNAfromtheUnknownChildwiththosecollectedfrommembersoffivefamilieswholostrelativesontheTitanicandneverrecoveredthebodies.(含有两个-ed形式做定语和who引导的定语从句)六、复杂同位语(同位语从句)Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidencethattheyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.(2019全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有although引导的状语从句)5