Ancient-Chinese-Philosophy

AncientChinesePhilosophyandReligion•Confucianism•Daoism(Taoism)•BuddhismConfucianism•ConfucianismisaschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius.•TheschooltakestheteachingsofConfuciusasitscoreofthoughtandregardsthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusasitshighestcodeofbehavior.•Confucianismvaluestheethicalrelationsofmen.Confucianismdeeplyinfluencednotonlythedailylives,butalsotheideologyoflatergenerationsinChina.“theHarmoniousSociety”ConfucianismConfucius•Educator•Thinker•Statesman•AsymbolofChinesecultureConfucius551--479B.C.,Qufu,theStateofLu(currentlyShandongProvince)Familyname:Kong;Givenname:Qiu;courtesyname:Zhongni.AlowrankingofficialEstablishedthefirstprivateschoolinChinaandacceptedthestudentsfromeverycountry.Subjects:Manners,Music,Calligraphy,Charioteering,ArcheryandMathematics(礼，乐，书，御，射，数）Hehadmorethan3000students.Amongthem,72becamegreatfamousscholars.Purposeofhisteaching:tohelphisstudentsacquirenecessaryskilltogetintopolitics.ConfucianismConfucianism-Texts•TheConfucianclassicshaveformedthecorecurriculumintheeducationofChineseacademicsandintellectualsthroughoutmostofimperialperiods.•The“FourBooks”:–TheGreatLearning–TheDoctrineoftheMean–TheAnalects–TheMencius•The“FiveClassics”:–ClassicofChanges–ClassicofHistory–ClassicofPoetry–ClassicofRites–SpringandAutumnAnnals•TheFiveCardinalRelationships:Ruler–theRuledHusband–wifeParents–ChildrenElderbrother–YoungerbrotherFriend–FriendConfucianismRen•CentraldoctrineandfundamentalvirtueofConfucianism•Loveallmen--benevolence,kindness,humanity,charityandsympathy.•GovernmentshouldbebasedonthevirtueofRen.TheCoreofConfucius’PhilosophyLi•Themoralwaysofconduct•Politeness,courtesy,propriety,properetiquetteandgoodmanners.•AccordingtoConfucius’thought,RenandLiisinseparable.TheCoreofConfucius’PhilosophyYi(Righteousness)•Theabilitytorecognizewhatisrightandthemoraldispositiontodogood•InConfucius’thought,someactionsoughttobeperformedforthesolereasonthattheyareright--regardlessofwhattheyproduce;notforthesakeofsomethingelse.ConfucianismOtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’PhilosophyXiao(Filialpiety)therespectandobediencetoone’sparents.thespecificdutiesandvenerationtoalltheelderlyandtheveteranpeopleofthesociety.•Contributetothestableconstructionofthefamilyandsociety.ConfucianismOtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’PhilosophyZhong(Loyalty)•Loyaltothecountryandthepeople•Extendedtoone'sdutiestofriends,family,andspouse.•Oneofthegreathumanvirtues.•Confuciusalsorealizedthatloyaltyandfilialpietycanpotentiallyconflict.ConfucianismOtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’PhilosophyHe(peaceandharmony)•Keepingbalanceinmind•Doctrineinone’scharactercultivation,interpersonalrelationsandinternationalrelationsPeaceismostprecious.(byConfucius)•TheconstructionofharmonioussocietyisbasedontheconceptofHe.ConfucianismOtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’Philosophy•TraditionalChineseethicsincludesbothgoodandbadelements.SomereflectthehighstandardofmoralpursuitoftheChinesepeople,whileothersseemlessrelevantinmodernsociety.Forexample,thethreeobediencesandfourvirtues(三从四德)andthethreebasicrulesandfiveconstantvirtues(三纲五常)havelongbeenabandonedbytheChinesepeople.LimitationofConfucianThinkingTheThreeObediencesandFourVirtues•Thetraditionalidealofawomanisthatsheisadependantbeingwhosebehaviorisgovernedby“threeobediences”(tofatherbeforemarriage,tohusbandaftermarriage,andtosonafterbecomingawidow:未嫁从父,既嫁从夫,夫死从子)andfour“virtues”(morality,properspeech,modestmanner,anddiligence:品德、言语、仪态、女工).TheThreeBasicRulesandFiveConstantVirtues（三纲五常）•Thesewerethesocialnormsprescribedbyfeudalmorality.•Thethreebasicrules:akingshouldruleoverhissubjects;afather,hisson;ahusband,hiswife(君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).•Thefiveconstantvirtues:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,andfidelity(仁、义、礼、智、信).TheAnalects•TheAnalects(《论语》LunYu)wereabouttheSayingsofConfuciusandHisSuccessors,inwhichmostofhisteachingsandbeliefswereclearlyilluminated.IthasbeenregardedasoneofthegreatestbookswhichembodiesConfucianphilosophy---Confucianism.Mencius(372-289BC)•Menciuswasborninasmallstate,Zou(邹),inthepresentsouthernpartofShandongProvince.•SecondSageintheConfucianschool•MenciusalsobelievedthatthosevirtuessuggestedbyConfuciuswereveryimportant.Menciusespeciallyarguedthatthesevirtuescouldbeconsideredasourhumannature.Asknownasanothergreateducatorandstatesman,Menciusinheritedtheideas,andmadeitfurthermoresystematic.Healsoaddedhisownopinions.E.g.Humandispositionsareoriginallygood,justlikewaterflowsdownwards.HewrotehisbookMenciusinordertopropagatehistheorywithhisfollowers.Somewordsarestilltobeoneverybody'slips.Mencius(372-289BC)Peopleareonthetopofpriority,withstatefollowing,thencomesthemonarch.(民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻）TheHumanemanhasnoonetoopposehim.(仁者无敌)Thriveincalamityandperishinsoftliving.(生于忧患，死于安乐)Mencius(372-289BC)LaoZi•c.570--490B.C.,thestateofChu•Familyname:Li;Givenname:Er;courtesyname:Boyang.•FounderofDaoism•DaoDeJing,(TheClassicsoftheWaysandVirtues),5000words.•searchedawaytoavoidtheconstantwarfareandothersocialconflictduringhistimeDaoism/TaoismDao•Daonourisheseverything.•Daoisthewayofuniversea