人机工程与绿色设计

ProductDesignErgonomicsergon(work)+nomos(laws)=ErgonomicErgonomicsGeneral•Ergonomicsisthescienceoffittingjobstopeople.•Thedisciplineencompassesabodyofknowledgeaboutphysicalabilitiesandlimitationsaswellasotherhumancharacteristicsthatarerelevanttojobdesign.•Essentially,ergonomicsistherelationshipbetweentheworkerandthejobandfocusesonthedesignofworkareastoenhancejobperformance.•Ergonomicscanhelppreventinjuriesandlimitsecondaryinjuriesaswellasaccommodateindividualswithvariousdisabilities,includingthosewithmusculoskeletaldisorders(MSDs).Discipline•Ergonomics–Ergonomics(orhumanfactors)isthescientificdisciplineconcernedwiththeunderstandingofinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem,andtheprofessionthatappliestheory,principles,dataandmethodstodesigninordertooptimizehumanwell-beingandoverallsystemperformance.(accordingInternationalErgonomicsAssociation2009)Figure1.1Asimpleworksystem.Peopleinteractwithmachinestoturninputsintooutputs.Systemcapacityreferstoamountofinputthatcanbeprocessedovertime.Productivityreferstotheratioofoutputstoinputs.Efficientsystemsminimiseby-productsofallkinds(E=localenvironment,M=machine,H=humanoperator).FiveAspectsofErgonomics•Safety-Medicinebottles:Theprintonthemcouldbelargersothatasickpersonwhomayhavebadvision(duetosinuses,etc.)canmoreeasilyseethedosagesandlabel.Ergonomicscoulddesigntheprintstyle,colorandsizeforoptimalviewing.•Comfort-Alarmclockdisplay:Somedisplaysareharshlybright,drawingone’seyetothelightwhensurroundingsaredark.Ergonomicprinciplescouldre-designthisbasedoncontrastprinciples.•Easeofuse-StreetSigns:Inastrangearea,manytimesitisdifficulttospotstreetsigns.Thiscouldbeaddressedwiththeprinciplesofvisualdetectioninergonomics.Fiveaspectsofergonomics•Productivity/performance-HDTV:ThesoundonHDTVismuchlowerthanregularTV.SowhenyouswitchfromHDtoregular,thevolumeincreasesdramatically.Ergonomicsrecognizesthatthisdifferenceindecibellevelcreatesadifferenceinloudnessandhurtshumanearsandthiscouldbesolvedbyeveningoutthedecibellevels.•Aesthetics-thelookandfeeloftheobject,theuserexperience.History•AncientGreece-Helleniccivilizationinthe5thcenturyBCusedergonomicprinciplesinthedesignoftheirtools,jobs,andworkplaces.Hippocratesgavedescribedhowasurgeon'sworkplaceshouldbedesigned•WojciechJastrzębowski(polishbiologist)firstusedtheword“ergonomics”inhis1857articleRysergonomjiczylinaukiopracy,opartejnaprawdachpoczerpniętychzNaukiPrzyrody(TheOutlineofErgonomics,i.e.ScienceofWork,BasedontheTruthsTakenfromtheNaturalScience).•FrederickWinslowTaylorpioneeredtheScientificManagementmethod,whichproposedawaytofindtheoptimummethodforcarryingoutagiventaskintheearly19thcentury.•FrankandLillianGilbrethexpandedTaylor'smethodsintheearly1900stodevelopTimeandMotionStudies.Theyaimedtoimproveefficiencybyeliminatingunnecessarystepsandactionswhichincreasethebricklayer’sproductivityfrom120to350bricksperhour.•WorldWarIImarkedthedevelopmentofnewandcomplexmachinesandweaponry,Itwasobservedthatfullyfunctionalaircraft,flownbythebest-trainedpilots,stillcrashed.•In1943,AlphonseChapanis,alieutenantintheU.S.Army,showedthatthisso-calledpiloterrorcouldbegreatlyreducedwhenmorelogicalanddifferentiablecontrolsreplacedconfusingdesignsinairplanecockpits.History•Inthedecadessincethewar,ergonomicshascontinuedtoflourishanddiversify.TheSpaceAgecreatednewhumanfactorsissuessuchasweightlessnessandextremeg-forces.ThedawnoftheInformationAgehasresultedinthenewergonomicsfieldofhuman-computerinteraction(HCI).Likewise,thegrowingdemandforandcompetitionamongconsumergoodsandelectronicshasresultedinhumanfactorsinproductdesign.Domains•Physicalergonomics:isconcernedwithhumananatomical,anthropometric,physiologicalandbiomechanicalcharacteristicsastheyrelatetophysicalactivity.(workingpostures,materialshandling,repetitivemovements,workrelatedmusculoskeletaldisordersetc.)ErgonomicMultilockOfficeAirMeshSeriesDeskChair-W81•Cognitiveergonomics:isconcernedwithmentalprocesses,suchasperception,memory,reasoning,andmotorresponse,astheyaffectinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem.(mentalworkload,decision-making,skilledperformance,human-computerinteraction,humanreliabilityetc.)TheoreticalFrameworkforHCI•Organizationalergonomics:isconcernedwiththeoptimizationofsociotechnicalsystems,includingtheirorganizationalstructures,policies,andprocesses.(Relevanttopicsincludecommunication,workdesign,designofworkingtimes,participatorydesign,communityergonomics,cooperativeworketc.)ApplicationSEATINGANDPOSTUREFORTYPICALOFFICETASKS1SEATBACKADJUSTABILTY2GOODLUMBARSUPPORT3SEATHEIGHTADJUSTABILITY4NOEXCESSPRESSUREONUNDERSIDEOFTHIGHSANDBACKSOFKNEES5FOOTSUPPORTIFNEEDED6SPACEFORPOSTURALCHANGE,NOOBSTACLESUNDERDESK7FOREARMSAPPROXIMATELYHORIZONTAL8MINIMALEXTENSION,FLEXIONORDEVIATIONOFWRISTS9SCREENHEIGHTANDANGLESHOULDALLOWCOMFORTABLEHEADPOSITION10SPACEINFRONTOFKEYBOARDTOSUPPORTHANDS/WRISTSDURINGPAUSESINKEYINGErgonomicsintheworkplace•Ergonomicsisthescienceofdesigningthejob,equipment,andworkplacetofittheworker.•Properergonomicdesignisnecessarytopreventrepetitivestraininjuries,whichcandevelop