英语语法——直接引语和间接引语

Directspeechandindirectspeech（直接引语和间接引语）中央广播电视大学开放本科课程《英语3》•☆直接引语：直接引述别人的话。一般前后要用引号。•☆间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。•eg.Theboysaid,“IcanspeakEnglishandChinese•verywell.”•MarysaidthatTomhadworkedtheretwoyearsago.概念直接引语与间接引语•直接引语与间接引语可以相互转换。直接引语转换成间接引语时，要考虑直接引语含有的四种情况：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、祈使句。同时，直接引语转换成间接引语时，直从句中有六个方面要作相应的变化：人称的变化、时态的变化、时间状语的变化、指示代词的变化、地点状语的变化、动词的变化。一直接引语是陈述句•直接引语转换成间接引语时，用连词that引导。（that在口语中常省略）•eg.Joansaid,“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”•Joansaid(that)shehadfinishedherhomework.二直接引语是一般疑问句•转化成间接引语时,要用连词whether,if引导。后跟陈述句语序。(whether可与ornot连用，表示一种选择。而if则不可。)主句中的谓语是said一般疑问句时，要改为asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语（me,him,usetc.）•eg。Theteachersaid,“AreyoureadingEnglish?”•Theteacherasked(me)ifIwasreadingEnglish.三直接引语是特殊疑问句•变为间接疑问句时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。间接特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词和陈述句语序连接起来。（当疑问词作主语时，连接疑问句的语序不变。）•Theoldmanasked,“Whatareyoulookingfor?”•Theoldmanasked(me)whatIwaslookingfor.•Heasked,“Whodidit?”•Heaskedwhohaddoneit.四直接引语是祈使句•直接引语若为祈使句（通常表示命令，请求，建议等），变为间接引语时，常构成简单句型：引述动词ask/tell/order/advise/warm/remind/etc+名（代）词宾语+（not）todosomething如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加上not.其中引述动词根据说话者的语气来确定。•eg.“Remembertoswitchoffallthelights,”shesaid.•Sheremindedmetoswitchoffallthelights.1人称的变化•直接引语转换成间接引语时，人称要作相应的变化。•第一人称改为第三人称•第二人称改为第一人称•第三人称不变第三人称•Hesaid,“IamafraidIcan’tfinishthework.”•Hesaidthathewasafraidhecouldn’tfinishthework.2时态的变化•直接引语转换成间接引语•一般现在时改为一般过去时•现在进行时改为过去进行时•一般将来时改为过去将来时•将来进行时改为过去将来进行时•将来完成（进行）时改为过去将来完成（进行）时•现在完成（进行）时改为过去完成（进行）时•一般过去时改为过去完成时•过去完成（进行）时不变过去完成（进行）时Forexample:•Hesaid,“IhavereadtenbookssinceIworkedhere.”•Hesaidhehadreadtenbookssincehehadworkedthere.•Theteachersaid,“ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.”•TheteachersaidthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.注意：•直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。•eg.Hesaid,“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”•Hesaidlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.•现在时情态动词变为过去时情态动词，过去时情态动词不变。•eg.Shesaid,“Mysoncanswimverywell.”•Shesaidhersoncouldswimverywell.•Hesaid,“IcouldrideabikewhenIwasonlysix.”•Hesaidthathecouldrideabikewhenhewasonlysix.3时间状语的变化•直接引语间接引语nowthentodaythatdaytonightthatnighttomorrowthenext/followingdaythedayaftertomorrowintwodays’timenextweek/month/yearthenextweek/month/yearyesterdaythedaybeforethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforeForexample:Hesaid,“Shearrivedhereyesterday.•Hesaidthatshehadarrivedtherethedaybefore.•“I’lldoittomorrow,”hepromised.•Hepromisedthathewoulddoitthenextday.4指示代词的变化•直接引语转换成间接引语•this改为that•these改为those•eg.“Youmayhavethisbookforoneweek,”saidthelibrarian.•ThelibrariansaidthatImighthavethatbookforoneweek.5地点状语的变化•直接引语转换成间接引语•here改为there•eg.•Bobsaid,“IamsorryIcameheretoolate.”•Bobsaidthathewassorryhehadgonetheretoolate.6动词的变化•直接引语转换成间接引语•come改为go•bring改为take•Forexample:•Shesaid,“Iwillcomehereagainthedayaftertomorrow.”•Shesaidthatshewouldgothereagainagainintwodays’time.备注•如果在当地转述，here不必改为there,come不必改为go,如果在当天转述，yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。间接引语转换成直接引语•间接引语转化成直接引语时，也应该从六个方面考虑。•Eg.Marysaidshehadboughtanewdictionarytwodaysbefore.•Marysaid,“Iboughtanewdictionarytwodaysago.”•TheteacheraskedTomtopaymuchattentiontohispronunciation.•Theteachersaid,“Paymuchattentiontoyourpronunciation,Tom.”•总之，直接引语和间接引语相互转换时，要从句子的各个要素去考虑，做到全面正确地改写句子。