Environmental-planning-and-management

Chapter3EnvironmentalplanningandmanagementtheoriesSection1ManagementscienceandmodernmanagementtheorySection2ThedefinitionofenvironmentalcapacitySection1Managementscienceandmodernmanagementtheory(1)DualityFeatureofManagement(2)ManagementfunctionsDualityFeatureofManagement(1)MeaningofManagement’sDualityFeature(2)TheRelationshipofNaturalAttributesandSocialAttributesDualityFeatureofManagementMeaningofManagement’sDualityFeatureNaturalAttributesThenaturalattributesofManagementshowsthatthesocializationoflaboranddevelopmentproductivitydeterminethatmanagementwasnecessary.Managementisthenecessaryconditionforthecommondivisionoflaborcooperation.ThenaturalattributestheofManagement,andtechnicalityisanimportantaspectofmanagement.Managementisoneelementofproductivity.withouteffectivemanagement,productioncannotproceedsmoothly,letalonedevelopment.DualityFeatureofManagementMeaningofManagement’sDualityFeatureTheSocialAttributesofmanagementiscloselyrelatedtothesocialpropertyandproductionrelations.Becausemanagementisasocialactivity,andmanagementmustcarryoutinacertainsocialrelationsandhistoricalconditions,certainformsofsocialorganizationmustbeadoptedtoimplementmanagement.DualityFeatureofManagementTheRelationshipofNaturalAttributesandSocialAttributesOntheonehand,thenaturalattributescannotexistinisolation,andalwaysplaysthefunctioninacertainsocialsystemandproductionrelations.WhiletheSocialAttributescannotexistwithoutthenaturalattributes,otherwisetheSocialAttributeswillbecomeaformwithoutcontent;Ontheotherhand,bothofthemaremutuallyconditioned.thenaturalattributesrequiresacertainadaptivecommunitypropertyintheorganizationalformsandproductionrelations.Similarly,theSocialAttributesisalsoboundtoinfluenceandrestrictmanagementinareassuchasscienceandtechnology.Managementfunctions(1)Planningfunctions(2)Organizingfunctions(3)ControlfunctionsManagementfunctionsPlanningfunctionsThenatureofplanning①Programtargeted.Anyorganizationorindividualplansaremeantoeffectivelyreachacertaingoal.②Programprimacy.Planningistheprimaryfunctionofmanagement.③Programuniversality.Anymanagermoreorlesshavesomepowerandresponsibilitytomakeplans.ManagementfunctionsPlanningfunctionsPlanTypesClassificationprinciplesPlanTypesClassificationprinciplesPlanTypesDividedbythescheduledtimelimit1.Long-termplan2.Medium-TermPlan3.Short-termplanDividedbythescheduledtimelimit1.Policy2.Procedure3.MethodsLevelbyplannersdivided1.StrategicPlan2.ManagementPlan3.WorkPlanLevelbyplannersdivided1.Mandatoryplans2.GuidingplanObjectsclassifiedaccordingtoplan1.ComprehensivePlan2.Localplan3.ProjectPlanObjectsclassifiedaccordingtoplan1.Economicdevelopmentplan2.EnvironmentalProtectionPlan3.LanduseplansManagementfunctionsControlfunctions1.ControlandControlSystem(1)DefinitionofcontrolFayolthoughtthatcontrolistomonitorwhetherpeopleareimplementingworkaccordingtoplan,commandandprinciples.Koontzbelievesthatcontrolismeasurethecompletionofplaninaccordancewiththeschemestandardsandtocorrectthedeviationtoensuretheprojectgoals.Managementfunctions(2)ControlSystem①Targetsystemofcontrol.Anycontrolactivitiesandbehaviorhaveacertaingoal-oriented,andnon-targetcontroldoesnotexist.②Controlsubjects.Themaincontrolsystemaremanagersatalllevelsandtheirrespectivefunctions.③Controlobject(theobject).Thecontrolsystemobjectistheorganization'sactivities.④Controlmethods,meansandtools.⑤Controlmechanism.⑥InformationControlSystem.Managementfunctions(3)ControlTypesControlfunctions,inaccordancewiththeneeds,canbedividedintofivecontroltypes.First,inaccordancewiththecontrolactivities,controlcanbeclassifiedaspreventivecontrolandcorrectionofcontrol;second,accordingtothecontrolpointisintheprocess,controlcanbeclassifiedintopriorcontrol,processcontrolandpostcontrol;third,accordingtoexercisecontrolofsources,controlcanbeclassifiedintoaformalorganizationalcontrol,crowdcontrolandself-control;fourth,accordingtocontrolinformation,controlcanbeclassifiedintothenatureoffeedbackcontrolandfeedforwardcontrol;fifth,accodingtothemeansofcontrol,controlisdividedintothedirectcontrolandindirectcontrol.Managementfunctions2.Principlesofcontrol①Theprincipleofpublicparticipation;②Systemcontrolprinciples;③Consistentwiththeprincipleofcomparison;④Theprecautionaryprinciple;⑤Exceptionsandkeyprinciples;⑥Theprincipleofflexibility;⑦Principlesofeconomicrationality;⑧Feedbackprinciple.Section2ThedefinitionofenvironmentalcapacityEnvironmentalcapacityisacomplexquantityreflectingtheenvironmentalpurificationability,whosevalueshouldbeabletocharacterizepollutantsintheenvironmentofphysical,chemicalchangesandspacemechanicnature.Environmentalcapacityisthemaximumnumberofpollutantsallowedintheenvironmentunit.Itisavariable,andtheenvironmentalcapacityMconsistsoftwocomponents,namelychangesinbasicenvironmentalcapacityKandfluctuateenvironmentalcapacityR.Theformercanbecalculatedthroughenvironmentalqualitystandardsmisusingenvironmentalbackgroundvalues,whilethelatterreferstotheabilityoftheenvironmentintermsofself-purificationunit.Definedtype:M=K+RThedefinitionof