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LanguageandinterculturalcommunicationLanguageandcultureWhat’slanguage?cultureandwordmeaningLanguageandthoughtLanguageandsocietyOutlineWhat’slanguage?Languageisanorganizedsystemusingsignsthatcarryintentionalmeaningfromonepersontoanother.P.63Whenwetalkaboutlanguages,weareusuallytalkingaboutorganizedsystemsratherthancommonknowledge.Andweoftenfollowtherules.I(S)like(V)you(O).Isbodylanguagealanguage?--notaformallanguage.Humanmindisunabletocommunicatedirectlywithotherssothatweusesignstorepresenteverythingwehopetocommunicate:spokensigns,writtensigns,Signsbythemselvesaremeaninglessuntiltheyrepresentaspecificobject,actionoridea.languageareintentionalcommunicationsystemsratherthanunintentionalones.Withoutintention,communicationisnotlanguage.eg:bodysmells(notalanguage)therearetwofactors:senderandaudience.Thesenderisusuallyreferredtoasthepersonproducingthemessagewhileaudienceusuallyreceivethemessage.HTML(HypertextMarkupLanguage)wouldnotbeconsideredalanguage.CharacteristicsofLanguage•LanguageissymbolicRecountexperience/representabstractidea•Languageisrule-governed•Languageissubjective•Languageisdynamicandhasitsownlifecycle同志/小姐CharacteristicsofLanguage•Languageisarbitrary.kangaroo•Languageisconventional.Pleasechoosethecorrectmeaningof终身大事a.工作b.事业c.婚姻d.生死StructureofhumanlanguageMorphology:thestudyofwordsandwordbuildingPhonology:thestudyofthesoundspatternSyntax:thestudyofstructureofsentencesSemantics:thestudyofmeaningPragmatics:howcontextsaffectmeaningVerbalinterculturalcommunicationRelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureVerbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.Masteringallthoserulesoflanguage，suchasphonology（语音体系）,morphology（词态学）,syntax（句法学）andsemantics（语义学）,isstillnotenoughforeffectivecommunication,forlanguageandculturecannotbeseparated.Theyareintertwined缠结,shapingeachother.VerbalInterculturalCommunicationLanguageandculturerelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureLanguageisflesh,andcultureisblood.Withoutculture,languagewouldbedead;withoutlanguage,culturewouldhavenoshape.Communicationistheswimmingmotion,languageistheswimmingskill,andCultureiswater.Withoutlanguage,communicationwouldremaintoaverylimiteddegree(inveryshallowwater);Withoutculture,therewouldbenocommunicationatall.RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCulture•Languageispartofculture.•Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture.•Languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture.•Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture.•Languageandculturearecloselyrelated.Languageandthought•Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkinganddifferentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.•Twopointsinhistheory:•1)Languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;•2)similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.TheSapir-WhorfHypothesis(萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说)•Linguisticdeterminism(语言决定论):语言决定思维•Linguisticrelativity(语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言的不同而不同。Example1•1.Ifmylanguagehasonlyoneterm---brother-in-law---thatisappliedtomysister’shusband,myhusband’sbrother,andmyhusband’ssisters’husbands,Iamledbymylanguagetoperceivealloftheserelativesinasimilarway.Vocabulary,throughwhatitgroupstogetherunderonelabelandwhatitdifferentiateswithdifferentlabels,isonewayinwhichlanguageshapesourperceptionoftheworld.Example2•HaveyoureadtheChineseclassictheRedChamberDream?•HowdidLinDaiyunandJiaBaoyurelatetoGrandmaJia?•Didtheoldladylovebothofthem?•Didshetreatthemasiftheywereequallyimportanttoher?•Ifdifferently,why?•Canyoufindtheequivalentsfor孙and外孙？•印欧语言：严式语言----→严式思维轨迹----→构造分析----→逻辑演绎----→智性精神•汉语：宽式语言----→宽式思维轨迹----→整体领悟----→类比联想----→悟性精神•MoreabouttheSapir-Whorfhypothesis•Thestrongversion(强式说):Emphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatterns•Theweakversion(弱式说):Suggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,thecross-culturaldifferencesproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative,ratherthancategorical.CultureandwordmeaningCultureandWordMeaning1.Worddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary任意的.Forexample,weliveinahouseinEnglish,wealsoliveinacasainSpanishandwestillliveinabaninThai.2.CorrespondingChinesewordscannotalwaysexplaintheEnglishwords.a.WordswithdifferentassociatedmeaningsLanguagereflectstheenvironmentwelivein,history,custom,valuesandsoon,whicharediverseindifferentcultures.Sowordsthatrefertothesameobjectmayhavedifferentassociated（联想的）meanings.Theculturally-loadedwordsandexpressionsaregoodexamplesshowingtheculturalinfluenceonthemeaningsofwords.VerbalInterculturalCommunicationb.Wordswithoutcounterpartinanotherlanguage•Languagereflectsculture,andculturaldiversityleadstothelackofvocabularyequivalence,conceptequivalenceandexperienceequivalence.Therefore,therearealotofwordsthatwefailtofindthecounterpartsinanotherlanguage.Forexample,theEnglishword“hippies”,“motel”,wecannotfindexactcounterpartinChinese.AmericanHippiesinthe1960sAmericanMotelWordmeaningsWordmeaning终身大事politicianDenotationPrimarySurfaceExplicitConc