介词和介词短语

介词和介词短语介词和介词短语•Ⅰ.介词短语的结构•Ⅱ.介词短语的功能•Ⅲ.介词、连接词和副词•Ⅳ.简单介词和复杂介词•Ⅴ.介词的含义（重点）Ⅰ.介词短语结构：（前置修饰语+）介词+介词补足语onthetablefromwhathesaidbysigningapeacetreatyintermsofmoneyHeworkeddeepintothenightlastnight.Ⅱ.介词短语的功能•1.作名词短语的后置修饰语•Thepeopleonthebusweresinging.•2.状语•Thepeopleweresingingonthebus.•Intheafternoon,wewenttoBoston.•Fromapersonalpointofview,Ifindthisagoodsolutiontotheproblem.•Inallfairness,shedidtrytophonethepolice.•Ontheotherhand,hemadenoattempttohelpher.3.作动词和形容词的补足成分Wewerelookingathisawfulpaintings.I’msorryforhisparents.说明：①介词短语有时候可以做主语A:Whenarewegoingtohavethenextmeeting?B:OnTuesdaywillbefine.InMarchsuitsme.DuringthevacationiswhatwedecidedBetween6and7maybeconvenient.请在此输入您的标题•(Theproposalthatwemeet)onTuesday…•(Tomeet)inMarch…•(Meeting)duringthevacation…•②作补语（表语）用的准形容词功能•Thismachineis(very)outofdate.•Thisdressseemsoutoffashion.•因此可以与形容词短语并列或同位•Theyarehappyandingoodhealth.•anoldandoutofdatetelephone•作其他连系动词的补语•Theyseemingoodhealth.请在此输入您的标题•③在特殊的情形中（主要在固定短语中），副词或形容词可以发挥介词补足语的功能。•atlast,atleast,atonce,atworst,beforelong,byfar,inbrief,inthere,sincewhen,untilnow….•④介词短语本身可以作介词的补足语，所以两个介词可以连续出现•Hepickedupthegunfromunderthetable.•Wedidn’tmeetuntilaftertheshow.•Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth.•Foodhasbeenscarcesincebeforethewar.•⑤介词作动词和形容词的补足语时，它和前面的词（如look,sorry）的关系比它和后面的补足语关系更密切，介词的选择是由它前面的词决定的。Ⅲ.介词、从属连词和副词1.介词和连词都具有关联或连接功能，比较：thedaywhenshearrivedofherarrival注：①辨别两种词类的一个标准是：介词引导的是名词性或名词化补足语，而与之相对的从属连词引导一个从属分句（从句）。②在某些情况下，同一词项既可以作介词又可以作连词，如after,as,before,since,until.请在此输入您的标题•③如果是非谓语动词，情况就比较复杂，因为在英语•中-ing分句可以用在介词的后面。•Onarrivingshetookataxi.•④思考下列三个词是什么词性：when,after,by?•2.介词和副词•Shelookedupthehill.(1)•Shewalkedacrossthestreet.(2)•Shelookeduptheword.(3)•Shewalkedacross.(4)•①在下列句子中，介词和副词的区别并不明显：Heisneartobeingmad.Thisseemsnexttoimpossible.Closeto200peoplecame.Sheisfarfrombeingweak.②简单介词near和复杂介词nearto和closeto：nearto和closeto与形容词有同源关系，他们是仅有的既有比较级又可加强调成分的介词：Shesatveryneartoquiteclosetomuchnearertome.muchclosertonexttoclosestto③Sheisaboutforty.Sheis(about)forty.Sheisaboutroughlyforty.approximately3.注意介词位置(1)Hastheroombeenpaidfor?Hewasnotpaidattentionto.He’simpossibletoworkwith.He’sworthlisteningto.(2)Wh-分句和关系分句（定语从句）Atwhichhousedidyouleavethecar?Whichhousedidyouleavethecarat?Wheredidyouleavethecar?（通常情况）TheoldhouseaboutwhichIwastellingyouis(which)Iwastellingyouaboutempty.Ⅳ.简单介词和复杂介词•1.简单介词：as,at,but,by,down,for,from,in,like,of,off,on,out,past,per,round,since,•than,through,till,to,up,with,about,above,across,after,against,along,among,around,before,below,behind,beneath,beside,besides,between,beyond,despite,during,except,inside,into,onto,opposite,outside,over,unlike,until,upon,within,without;请在此输入您的标题•2.复杂介词：•（1）两个词：副词/形容词/连词+介词•asfor,exceptfor,butfor•apartfrom,awayfrom,asidefrom,asfrom,•aheadof,backof,becauseof,insteadof,•outof,outsideof,regardlessof,•accordingto,asto,closeto,contraryto,dueto,•near(er)to,nextto,onto,owingto,thanksto,•upto;•alongwith,togetherwith;(2)三个词介词1+名词+介词2inviewoftheelectionIntermsofmoney,herbosswassmall.TwomenwereinterviewedatthepolicestationinconnectionwithatheftfromanOxfordStreetstore.Howmanydelegatesareinfavorofthismotion?比较：inthelightoftheelectionasaresultofin+名词+of：inchargeof;incaseof;in(the)faceof;infrontof;inplaceof;inneedof;infavorof;inthelightof;inrespectof;inspiteof;inviewof;请在此输入您的标题•in+名词+with：incommonwith;incomparisonwith;inlinewith;incontactwith;•by+名词+of：bymeansof;bywayof;•on+名词+of:•onaccountof;onbehalfof;onthegroundsof;onthematterof;on(the)topof;onthepartof;onthestrengthof;•其他类型：•asfaras;attheexpenseof;atthehandsof;for(the)sakeof;inexchangefor;inreturnfor;inadditionto;inrelationto;with/inregardof;with/inrespectto;withtheexceptionof;请在此输入您的标题•(3)有些以of结尾的复杂介词可用属格形式替代：•forthesakeofthepeople~forthepeople’ssake;•onbehalfofJim~onJim’sbehalf•attheexpenseofSusan~atSusan’sexpenseⅤ.介词的含义（重点）•1.表示空间关系的介词•(1).空间关系的意义•Mycarisatthecottage.•Ourcottageisontheroad.•Thereissomeiceonthatroad.•Thereisanewroofonthecottage.•Thereareonlytwobedsinthecottage.•(2)肯定位置和目的地:at;to;on;onto;in;into;•A)地点介词短语作状语(将事件或事态与某一场所联系起来)或作后置修饰语(将其物与某一场所联系起来)。简单位置和目的地（向某一预定场所移动）•这两种概念之间，可以有一种因果关系。•目的地位置•AnnwenttoOxford.AnnwasatOxford.•Annclimbedontotheroof.Annwasontheroof.•Annjumpedintothewater.Annwasinthewater.•B)into和onto常和表示移动的动词(walk,slide,swim)连用。但是注意比较：•Don’trunintheschool.•Don’trunintotheschool.•C)另一方面，下列动词（place,stand,lay,sit）常可以和to,onto和into结合，也可以不结合:•Sheputthetypewritercaseon(to)thetopshelfandthekeyin(to)thedrawer.•再举例子•点：atthebusstop;attheNorthPole;•attheendofroad;•线：ontheRiverThames;onthecoast•面：onthewall;ontheceiling;onmyback;•面积：intheworld;inthevillage;inapark;•容积：inabox;inthebathroom;inthedrawer;•on(面)和in（面积）作一比较，根据上下文，两者可以有各种不同的含义：•Thefrostmadepatternsonthewindow.•Afaceappearedinthewindow/mirror.•Theplayerswerepracticingonthefield.•Cowsweregazinginthefield.•Shewassittingonthegrass/inthegrass.•in用于较大的地方：inAsia;inChina;….•at和in都可以用在表示城镇，村庄的名词前，但是两者的着眼点不同。•HeworksinLondon,butlivesinthecountry.•OurplanerefueledatLondononitswayfromNewYorktoMoscow.比较：She’satOxford.inOxford.Sidworksatapublishinghouse.inAnnisatschool.