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ZˇivoradR.Lazic´DesignofExperimentsinChemicalEngineeringDesignofExperimentsinChemicalEngineering.ZˇivoradR.Lazic´Copyright2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,WeinheimISBN:3-527-31142-4FurtherTitlesofInterest:Wiley-VCH(Ed.)Ullmann’sChemicalEngineeringandPlantDesign2Volumes2004,ISBN3-527-31111-4Wiley-VCH(Ed.)Ullmann’sProcessesandProcessEngineering3Volumes2004,ISBN3-527-31096-7R.Sundmacher,A.Kienle(Eds.)ReactiveDestillationStatusandFutureDirections2003,ISBN3-527-30579-3A.R.PaschedagCFDinderVerfahrenstechnikAllgemeineGrundlagenundmehrphasigeAnwendungen2004,ISBN3-527-30994-2ZˇivoradR.Lazic´DesignofExperimentsinChemicalEngineeringAPracticalGuideZˇivoradR.Lazic´LenzingFibersCorporation1240CataloniaAveMorristown,TN37814USA&AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authorandpublisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontainedinthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthatstatements,data,illustra-tions,proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmayinadver-tentlybeinaccurate.LibraryofCongressCardNo.appliedfor.BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.BibliographicinformationpublishedbyDieDeutscheBibliothekDieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataisavailableintheInternetat2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,WeinheimPrintedonacid-freepaper.Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationintootherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform–byphotoprinting,micro-film,oranyothermeans–nortransmittedortrans-latedintomachinelanguagewithoutwrittenpermis-sionfromthepublishers.Registerednames,trade-marks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennotspecificallymarkedassuch,arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw.CompositionKhn&Weyh,SatzundMedien,FreiburgPrintingStraussGmbH,MrlenbachBookbindingLitges&DopfBuchbindereiGmbH,HeppenheimPrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany.ISBN3-527-31142-4ToAnica,NedaandJelenaDesignofExperimentsinChemicalEngineering.ZˇivoradR.Lazic´Copyright2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,WeinheimISBN:3-527-31142-4PrefaceIXIIntroductiontoStatisticsforEngineers11.1TheSimplestDiscreteandContinuousDistributions71.1.1DiscreteDistributions101.1.2ContinuousDistribution131.1.3NormalDistributions161.2StatisticalInference221.2.1StatisticalHypotheses231.3StatisticalEstimation301.3.1PointEstimates311.3.2IntervalEstimates331.3.3ControlCharts421.3.4ControlofTypeIIerror-b441.3.5SequentialTests461.4TestsandEstimatesonStatisticalVariance521.5AnalysisofVariance631.6Regressionanalysis1201.6.1SimpleLinearRegression1211.6.2MultipleRegression1361.6.3PolynomialRegression1401.6.4NonlinearRegression1441.7CorrelationAnalysis1461.7.1CorrelationinLinearRegression1481.7.2CorrelationinMultipleLinearRegression152IIDesignandAnalysisofExperiments1572.0IntroductiontoDesignofExperiments(DOE)1572.1PreliminaryExaminationofSubjectofResearch1662.1.1DefiningResearchProblem1662.1.2SelectionoftheResponses1702.1.3SelectionofFactors,LevelsandBasicLevel1852.1.4MeasuringErrorsofFactorsandResponses191VIIContentsDesignofExperimentsinChemicalEngineering.ZˇivoradR.Lazic´Copyright2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,WeinheimISBN:3-527-31142-42.2ScreeningExperiments1962.2.1PreliminaryRankingoftheFactors1962.2.2ActiveScreeningExperiment-MethodofRandomBalance2032.2.3ActiveScreeningExperimentPlackett-BurmanDesigns2252.2.3CompletelyRandomizedBlockDesign2272.2.4LatinSquares2382.2.5Graeco-LatinSquare2472.2.6YoudensSquares2522.3BasicExperiment-MathematicalModeling2622.3.1FullFactorialExperimentsandFractionalFactorialExperiments2672.3.2Second-orderRotatableDesign(Box-WilsonDesign)3232.3.3OrthogonalSecond-orderDesign(Box-BenkenDesign)3492.3.4D-optimality,Bk-designsandHartleysSecond-orderDesigns3632.3.5ConclusionafterObtainingSecond-orderModel3662.4StatisticalAnalysis3672.4.1DeterminationofExperimentalError3672.4.2SignificanceoftheRegressionCoefficients3742.4.3LackofFitofRegressionModels3772.5ExperimentalOptimizationofResearchSubject3852.5.1ProblemofOptimization3852.5.2GradientOptimizationMethods3862.5.3NongradientMethodsofOptimization4142.5.4SimplexSumRotatableDesign4312.6CanonicalAnalysisoftheResponsesurface4382.7ExamplesofComplexOptimizations443IIIMixtureDesign“Composition-Property”4653.1ScreeningDesign“Composition-Property”4653.1.1SimplexLatticeScreeningDesigns4693.1.2ExtremeVerticesScreeningDesigns4733.2SimplexLatticeDesign4813.3ScheffeSimplexLatticeDesign4843.4SimplexCentroidDesign5023.5ExtremeVerticesDesigns5063.6D-optimalDesigns5213.7Draper-LawrenceDesign5293.8FactorialExperimentswithMixture5403.9FullFactorialCombinedwithMixtureDesign-CrossedDesign543Appendix567A.1AnswerstoSelectedProblems567A.2TablesofStatisticalFunctions589Index607ContentsVIIIIXThelasttwentyyearsofthelastmillenniumarecharacterizedbycomplexautomati-zationofindustrialplants.Complexautomatizationofindustrialplantsmeansaswitchtofactories,automatons,robotsandselfadaptiveoptimizationsystems.Thementionedprocessescanbeintensifiedbyintroducingmathematicalmeth