【价格理论及应用】赫舒拉发

ThispageintentionallyleftblankP1:JZP0521818648agg.xmlCB902/Hirshleifer0521818648June30,200510:49PRICETHEORYANDAPPLICATIONSSEVENTHEDITIONThisnewseventheditionofPriceTheoryandApplicationsaddsextensivediscussionofin-formation,uncertainty,andgametheory.Itcontainsmorethan100real-worldexamplesillustratingtheapplicabilityofeconomicanalysisnotonlytomainlineeconomictopicsbutalsotoissuesinpolitics,history,biology,thefamily,andmanyotherareas.Thesediscus-sionsgenerallydescriberecentresearchpublishedinscholarlybooksandarticles,givingstudentsagoodideaofthescientificworkdonebyprofessionaleconomists.Inaddition,atappropriateplacesthetextprovides“Applications”representingmoreextendeddiscussionsofselectedtopicsincludingrationinginwartime(Chapter5),importquotas(Chapter7),allegedmonopolisticsuppressionofinventions(Chapter9),minimumwagelaws(Chap-ter12),theeffectsofSocialSecurityonsaving(Chapter15),fairdivisionofdisputedproperty(Chapter16),andwhetheroneshouldpayransomtoakidnapper(Chapter17).JackHirshleiferisDistinguishedProfessorofEconomics,Emeritus,attheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA).HeistheauthororcoauthorofthesixpreviouseditionsofPriceTheoryandApplicationsandtheauthororcoauthorofsixotherbooks,includingTheAnalyticsofUncertaintyandInformation(1992,withJohnG.Riley)andTheDarkSideoftheForce(2001),bothpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress.ProfessorHirshleiferisaFellowoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesandtheEconometricSociety,aformerpresidentoftheWesternEconomicAssociation,andaformervicepresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation,whichnamedhimaDistinguishedFellowin2000.HehasservedontheeditorialboardsoftheAmericanEconomicReview,theJournalofEconomicBehaviorandOrganization,andtheJournalofBioeconomics.AmihaiGlazerisProfessorofEconomicsattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.HehastaughtattheHebrewUniversity,CarnegieMellonUniversity,andtheUniversityofTampere,Finland.Theauthorofmorethan80articlesinprofessionaljournals,ProfessorGlazeriscoauthorwithJackHirshleiferofthefiftheditionofPriceTheoryandApplications,coauthorwithLaurenceRothenbergofWhyGovernmentSucceedsandWhyItFails(2001),andcoeditorwithKaiKonradofConflictandGovernance(2003).HeisacoeditorofthejournalEconomicsofGovernance.DavidHirshleiferistheRalphM.KurtzProfessorofFinanceattheOhioStateUniversity.HepreviouslytaughtattheAndersonSchoolofUCLAandtheUniversityofMichiganBusinessSchool.ThecoauthorwithJackHirshleiferofthesixtheditionofPriceTheoryandApplications,DavidHirshleiferhasservedasadirectoroftheAmericanFinanceAssociation,aseditoroftheReviewofFinancialStudies,andasassociateeditororcoeditorofseveralotherjournalsinfinance,economics,andcorporatestrategy.Hispapershavereceivedanumberofresearchawards,includingthe1999Smith–BreedenAwardfortheoutstandingpaperintheJournalofFinance.iP1:JZP0521818648agg.xmlCB902/Hirshleifer0521818648June30,200510:49iiP1:JZP0521818648agg.xmlCB902/Hirshleifer0521818648June30,200510:49PRICETHEORYANDAPPLICATIONSDecisions,Markets,andInformationSEVENTHEDITIONJACKHIRSHLEIFERUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngelesAMIHAIGLAZERUniversityofCalifornia,IrvineDAVIDHIRSHLEIFEROhioStateUniversityiiiCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSCambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SãoPauloCambridgeUniversityPressTheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UKFirstpublishedinprintformatISBN-13978-0-521-81864-3ISBN-13978-0-521-52342-4ISBN-13978-0-511-34451-0©JackHirshleifer,AmihaiGlazer,andDavidHirshleifer20052005Informationonthistitle:(EBL)eBook(EBL)hardbackP1:JZP0521818648agg.xmlCB902/Hirshleifer0521818648June30,200510:49ContentsPrefacepagexiiipartone.introduction1TheNatureandScopeofEconomics31.1EconomicsasaSocialScience41.2“EconomicMan”9Rationality9HumanGoals–TheSelf-InterestAssumption12IgnoranceandUncertainty161.3MarketandNonmarketInteractions161.4AllocationbyPrices–TheMarketSystem181.5BehaviorwithinOrganizations201.6PositiveandNormativeAnalysis:“Is”versus“Ought”201.7ElementsoftheEconomicSystem21Decision-MakingAgentsintheEconomy21Scarcity,ObjectsofChoice,andEconomicActivities221.8MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics23summary23questions242WorkingTools272.1Equilibrium:Supply-DemandAnalysis28BalancingSupplyandDemand28HowChangesinSupplyandDemandAffectEquilibrium30AlgebraofSupply-DemandAnalysis36AnApplication:IntroducingaNewSupplySource38TaxesonTransactions39AnApplication:InterdictingSupply43PriceCeilingsandPriceFloors462.2FindinganOptimum49TheLogicofTotal,Average,andMarginalConcepts