工程、项目管理与设计安全要点、注意事项与施工必读

EnvironmentaleffectsofoilandgasleasesitesinagrasslandecosystemEnvironmentalManagementThenorthernGreatPlainsofSaskatchewanisoneofthemostsignificantlymodifiedlandscapesinCanada.WhilethemajorityofanthropogenicdisturbancestoSaskatchewan’sgrasslandsaretheresultofagriculturalpractices,developmentofpetroleumandnaturalgas(PNG)resourcesisofincreasingconcernforgrasslandconservation.AlthoughPNGdevelopmentsrequireformalassessmentandregulatoryapproval,follow-upandmonitoringoftheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandsisnotcommonpractice.Consequently,theeffectsofPNGactivityongrasslandsandthespatialandtemporalextentofsuchimpactsarelargelyunknown.ThispaperexaminesthespatialandtemporalextentofPNGdevelopmentinfrastructurefrom1955to2006inagrasslandecosysteminsouthwestSaskatchewan.TheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandecologywereassessedfrommeasurementsofgroundcovercharacteristics,soilproperties,andplantcommunitycompositionat31sitesinthestudyarea.PNGleasesiteswerefoundtohavelowcoverofherbaceousplants,clubmoss(Lycopodiaceae),litter,andshalloworganic(Ah)horizons.Leasesiteswerealsocharacterizedbylowdiversityofdesirablegrasslandplantsandlowrangehealthvaluescomparedtooff-leasereferencesites.Theseimpactswereamplifiedatactiveandhighlyproductiveleasesites.ImpactsofPNGdevelopmentpersistedformorethan50yearsfollowingwellsiteconstruction,andextendedoutward20m–25mbeyondthedirectphysicalfootprintofPNGwellinfrastructure.Theseresultshavesignificantimplicationswithregardtothecurrentstateofmonitoringandfollow-upofPNGdevelopment,andthecumulativeeffectiveofPNGactivityongrasslandecosystemsoverspaceandtime.ArticleOutline1.Introduction2.Methods2.1.Studyarea2.2.Wellticketandaerialphotodata2.3.Fielddatacollection2.4.Analysisofenvironmentaleffects3.Results3.1.PNGdevelopmentinthestudyarea3.2.PhysicalfootprintofPNGsiteinfrastructure3.3.Impactstogroundcoverandsoil3.4.Impactstograsslandplants3.5.Impactstorangehealth3.6.Influenceofdrilldateandseason3.7.Spatialextentofimpacts3.8.CumulativeextentofPNGimpacts4.Discussion5.ConclusionAcknowledgementsEasternCanadiancrudeoilsupplyanditsimplicationsforregionalenergysecurityEnergyPolicyCanadahasbeenblessedwithimmenseenergyresources;however,theirdistributionisnotuniform.Onesuchexampleiscrudeoil,whichisfoundprimarilyinwesternCanada.EasternCanada,consistingofthesixeastern-mostprovinces(NewfoundlandandLabrador,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,Ontario,PrinceEdwardIsland,andQuebec),producelimitedquantitiesofcrudeoil,mostofwhichisexportedtotheUnitedStates.Ideally,westernCanadiancrudeoilwouldmeetthedemandsofeasternCanada;however,theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)andtheabsenceofoilpipelinesmeansthateasternCanadaincreasinglyreliesonsuppliesofcrudeoilfromasmallnumberofoilexportingcountries,manywithdecliningproduction.Thispaperexaminescrudeoilproduction,supply,anditsrefiningineasternCanada.ItshowsthatcrudeproductionintheregionhasreacheditspeakandthatincreasingglobalcompetitionforcrudeoilwillaffectenergysecurityineasternCanada,eitherthroughpriceincreasesorsupplyshortages,orboth.ArticleOutline1.Introduction2.Crudesupply2.1.Transportingcrude2.2.Refineries2.3.WesternCanadiancrude2.4.EasternCanadiancrude2.5.Importedcrude3.Refinedpetroleumproducts4.Refinedproductdemand5.Discussion6.ConcludingremarksAcknowledgementsWorldenergyanalysis:H2noworlater?EnergyPolicyThisisastudyofworldenergyresourcesustainabilitywithinthecontextofresourcepeakproductiondates,advancedenergyusetechnologiesinthetransportationandelectricitygenerationenergyusesectors,andalternativefuelproductionincludinghydrogen.Thefindingcausingthemostconcernistheprojectionofapeakinglobalconventionaloilproductionbetweennowand2023.Inaddition,thefindingsindicatethatthepeakproductiondatefornaturalgas,coal,anduraniumcouldoccurby2050.Thecentralquestioniswhetheroilproductionfromnon-conventionaloilresourcescanbeincreasedatafastenoughratetooffsetdeclinesinconventionaloilproduction.Thedevelopmentofnon-conventionaloilproductionraisesconcernsaboutincreasedenergyuse,greenhousegasemissions,andwaterissues.Duetotheemergingfossilfuelresourceconstraintsincomingdecades,thisstudyconcludesthatitisprudenttobeginthedevelopmentofhydrogenproductionanddistributionsystemsinthenear-term.Thehydrogengasistobeinitiallyusedbyfuelcellvehicles,whichwilleliminatetailpipegreenhousegasemissions.WithaloweringofH2productioncoststhroughtheamortizationofsystemcomponents,H2canbeaneconomicfuelsourceforelectricitygenerationpost-2040.ArticleOutline1.Introduction2.Methodsanddata2.1.Methods2.2.Data3.Findings3.1.Energyresourcepeakproductiondates3.2.Theeffectsofenergypathsonoilsupply/demandbalances3.3.Sensitivityanalysisforpeakproductionestimates4.Discussionoffindings4.1.Evaluationofpeakproductiondateestimates4.2.Issuesrelatedtotheproductionofsynfuelsfromnon-conventionaloilresources4.3.H2productionanddistributionsystems5.ConclusionsReferencesEnergyefficiencyinsocialhousing:OpportunitiesandbarriersfromacasestudyinBrazilEnergyPolicyThispaperinvestigatestheenergyefficiencyinasegmentofthebuildingsectorinemergingcountriesbyanalyzingandeval