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:20080320;:20080430:(1979),,,;(1965),,,,*!(:06AJY005)!(:NCET040774)相对效用价格比*基于不完全竞争市场的比较优势模型∀曾铮∀张亚斌(1.,100102;2.,410079):国际贸易理论的发展可以分为二战前和二战后两个时期,二战前的国际贸易理论以比较优势为核心,二战后的新贸易理论以规模经济和竞争优势为核心但是,至今国际贸易理论界没有一个比较全面的观点来整合以上两套理论系统本文提出的相对效用价格比的概念及其分析框架,拓展了的比较优势概念,整合了要素生产率决定的比较成本优势与要素价格决定的比较成本优势,相对价格优势与非价格优势,完全竞争市场的比较优势与不完全竞争市场的比较优势,是一个综合以往国际贸易理论中贸易决定基础理论的现代观点的范式:相对效用价格比;不完全竞争市场;比较优势模型:F114.1:A:16719301(2008)04005208:![1][2],,,,,,,,!(LeontiefParadox)52(双月刊)2008年第4期(总第35期)!,,!DixitNorman[3]Krugman[4]GrossmanHelpman[5],[6],Porter[7],:,,,,,,;!,#!(CompetitiveAdvantage),#!(AbsoluteAdvantage),:,[8][9];,[10][11],,[4],,,,,,,,,,!(RelativeUtilityPriceRatio),:,!,,,,,,,(Utility),,,ABX,,,,A,AX,,BXA,,AX,BX,BA,,,AXPAXUAXPBXUBXABX,PAYUAYPBYUBYABYAX(UAX/PAX)AX,UAX/PAXUBX/PBX,UBY/PBYUAY/PAYAX,BY;(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),AX,B53INDUSTRIALECONOMICSRESEARCHY,:,;,,!(Homogeneity),,!(Benchmark),,(U),U=,/P,,,,∃(一)要素生产率对相对价格的影响#,,,,,[1],/P,,W,AiAi(AiAi),PAi=WAi;,BPBi=WBi,i/PAi=/WAi/PBi=/WBiAB,XY(2%2),AXBX,AYBY,AX/AYBX/BY,AX,AX,BYAXYAY/AX;BXYBY/BX(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),(二)要素价格(禀赋)对相对价格的影响,,,(EF*),:C*=F(EF*)[2],HO,,,,:C*=F(PF*,EF*),AB;,XY;,(k)(l),,,U=;;,C*=F(K,L),K,L,(w)(r)I,Cji=kirj+liwj=Pji,kii,rjj,lii,wjj,XY,:(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)=(/PAX)/(/PAY)=(CAY/CAX)=(kYrA+lYwA)/(kXrA+lXwA)(1)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY)=(/PBX)/(/PBY)=(CBY/CBX)=(kYrB+lYwB)/(kXrB+lXwB)(2)(1)(2):UAXPAXUAYPAY-UBXPBXUBYPBY=(kXlY-kYlX)(rBWA-rAwB)(kXrA+lXwA)(kXrB+lXwB)(3)54曾铮张亚斌相对效用价格比1.,AB,BA,rArB,wBwA,X(),,B(),kXlXkYlY(3),(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),,AX,BY,HO2.AB,rArB,wBwA;,X(k)(l)Y,kXkY,lXlY,AB,rA/rBwA/wB;,XY,XY,kX/lXkY/lY,XY,AB?HO,(3),,(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),,AX,BY,HO(一)不完全竞争市场中相对生产成本价格对相对效用价格比的影响,Y=U(x),x,x=m/P(m,P),Y=U(m,P),,,,(m=),,,U(P)=-P2+a2(0Pa)&,a:!U/!P=-2P0;!2U/!P2=-20(4)!U(P)P/!P=-1-a2/P20;!2U(P)P/!P2=2a2/P30(5)(4),,(5),,,∋(AB)(XY):PAXPBXPAYPBY,PAX/PAYPBX/PBY,AX,ABXY(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),AX,BY,,AX,,,AX(UAX/PAX),(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),AX,,BX,,X(UBX/PBX),BX,(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),,AY,BX,ABX,,,B,,55INDUSTRIALECONOMICSRESEARCHX,(二)不完全竞争市场中相对规模经济和相对交易成本对相对效用价格比的影响Graham[12]Ohlin[13],Krugman[14]Lancaster[15]Helpman[16],,[17],:TC=f+cyf(,),c,y(y1),,P=AC=TC/y=f/y+c,,,,P=AC=(1+k)TC/y=(1+k)f/y+(1+k)c(k,0k1)(;k):!P/!y=-f(1+k)/y20;!P/!k=f/y+c0(6)!2P/!y2=2f(1+k)/y30;!2P/!k2=0(7),,,,!(Dilemma)[5],(6)(7),yk(),,yk,yp,kp,,,!,,AB,;,;,,(UA=UB=U),,yAyB;kAkB;AB:PA=ACA=(1+kA)f/yA+c(1+kA);PB=ACB=(1+kB)f/yB+c(1+kB)(8),kA=kB,yA=yB,:U/PA=U/PBkAkByAyBkA)kB,yA)yB,?:UAPA-UBPB=U[f(yA-yB)+f(kByA-kAyB)+cyAyB(kB-kA)](1+kA)(1+kB)(f+cyA)(f+cyB)(9),k(kA=kB),yAyB,(9)UA/PAUB/PB,A∗,,,A,A,y(yA=yB),kAkB,,UA/PAUB/PB,A,,A,A,(9),,,p,pu,AB,XY:yAXyBXyAYyBY,yAX/yAYyBX/yBY,ABXY(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),AX,AX,B56曾铮张亚斌相对效用价格比Y,,()AX,,AX,AX(UAX/PAX),(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),X,,BX,,X(UBX/PBX)BX,XBX,(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),,AY,BX,ABX,,:BX,,X,AX,,(三)不完全竞争市场中相对技术能力对相对效用价格比的影响,:,!(Premium)[7],,,,;,,,,[5],,(A(t))(P);,(U),,,,,,U(P)=-P2+a2(0Pa,a),P(A(t))=-A(t)(1A(t)),U(A(t))=-[-A(t)]2+a2(0-A(t)a),U(A(t))/P(A(t))=A(t)-+a2/-A(t):!U(A(t))/!A(t)=2(-A(t))0;!U2(A(t))/!A(t)2=-20(10)!U(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t)=1+a2/(-A(t))20;!2U(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t)2=2a2/(-A(t))32/a0(11)(10)(11),,,,,,,,,,,,,,U*(A(t))=-P2(A(t))+∀A(t)(∀0,);∀A(t)a2,,U*(A(t))=-[-A(t)]2+∀A(t)U*(A(t))/P(A(t))=-+A(t)+∀A(t)/(-A(t)):!U*(A(t))/!(A(t))=2[-A(t)]+∀0;!2U*(A(t))/!A(t)2=-20(12)!U*(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t)=1+∀/[-A(t)]20;!2P*(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t)2=2∀/[-A(t)]30(13)57INDUSTRIALECONOMICSRESEARCH(13),,,,,0Pa,∀A(t)a2,0-A(t)a1A(t),(11)(13):!U*(A(t))/!A(t)!U(A(t))/!A(t);!U*(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t)!U(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t);!2U*(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t)2!2U(A(t))P(A(t))/!A(t)2(14)(14),,,,,,ABA(t)AXA(t)BXA(t)AYA(t)BYA(t)AX/A(t)AYA(t)BX/A(t)BY,AB(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),AX,AX,BYAX,A(t)AXAX(UAX/PAX),,(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),,,BX,BX(UBX/PBX)(,),X,(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),,BX,AY,,ABX,AXB,,(UAX/PAX)/(UAY/PAY)(UBX/PBX)/(UBY/PBY),;AXB,BXA,BX,AY,,,,11,:(1),;(2),;(3),,,,,1,,,58曾铮张亚斌相对效用价格比图1相对效用价格比的决定框架,;,,,,:[1]#.()[M].:,1981.[2]#.()[M].:,1986.[3]DIXITAK,NORMANV.Theoryofinternationaltrade[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1980.[4]KRUGMANPR.Internationalreturns,monopolisticcompetitionandinternationaltrade[J].JournalofInternationalEconomics,1979(9):469480.[5]GROSSMANG,HELPMANE.Innovationandgrowthintheglobaleconomy[M].MITPress,Cambridge:MA,1991.[6]YANGXIAOKAI.Economics:newclassicalversusneoclassicalframeworks[M].Mass.:Blackwel,lMalden,2001.[7]PORTERM.Competitivestrategy[M].NewYork:FreePress,1980.[8].[J].,1982(44).[9].[J].,1997(6).[10].[J].,1998(1).[11].,[J].(),2002,1(2).[12]GRAHAM,FRANKD.Thetheoryofinternationalvaluesreexamined[J].QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,1923(38):5486.[13]OHLINB.Interregionalandinternationaltrade[M].HarvardUniversityPress,Cambridge,MA,1933.[14]KRUGMANPR.Scaleeconomies,productdifferentiation,andthepatternoftrade[J].AmericanEconomicR