网络外部性与补偿激励下的非线性定价

8220091()ChinaEconomicQuarterlyVol18,No12January,20093,:,;,;,,,,,3,,,:,1900,B409,201620;E2mail:[e-mail],(NS2FC270773073)(06SYQ33),,,,,,,,,MaskinandRiley(1984)BaronandMyerson(1982)MussaandRosen(1978)Myerson(1981):(externalities),(countervailingincentives),,,,(net2636()8workexternalities),2:,(one2waydistor2tion)Hahn(2003),(callexternalities)1,:Segal(1999,2003),,Segal(1999,2003),2,,(),Csorba(2008),Segal(1999,2003),,,1Hahn(2003),2Segal(1999,2003),,,,,,,,,,(countervailingincentives)LewisandSappington(1989),,,,,,,,MaggiandRodriguee2Clare(1995)2:,,2:637,,,,,Segal(1999,2003)Csorba(2008),,,;3,,;,;,,4,,34,Lockwood(2000),,(two2waydistortion),;,5MaggiandRodriguee2Clare(1995)6,(downward2bindingincentiveconstraints),,(upward2bindingincentiveconstraints),LewisandSappington(1989)MaggiandRodriguee2Clare(1995),5,,,,,6,(LaffontandTi2role,1990),,,,,:,,Maskin2Riley,638()82,cV=t-cq,t,q,,,={1,,n},12n,if(i),i=1,2,,ni-i-10,F(i)=6jif(j),:,,f(i)=Pr(=i)F(i)=Pr(i),1-F()f()()U=V(q)+(Q)-t,q,(networkmagni2tude)Q=6if(i)qiV(q)(intrinsicvalue),(Q)(networkvalue),,,q77(,q,Q)V(q):V(q)0,V(q)0,26,,Spence2Mirrlees:1(Q)0,(congestiblenetwork);(Q)0,(dis2congestiblenetwork);(Q)=0,(neutralnetwork)1(Q)0,,;,(Q)0,;(Q)=0{q(^),t(^)},^,2:6391:2:{q(^),t(^)}3:V(q)+(Q)-t^U(),^()=argmax{V(q())+(Q)-t()}8;,,^U()8,,Q9qi0,Pi{1,2,,n},i-H(i)04:,,,{qi,ti}ni=1:IRi:iV(qi)+(Q)-ti0,ICij:iV(qi)+(Q)-tiiV(qj)+(Q)-tj,Pi,j.,IRi:Ui0,ICij:UiUj+(i-j)V(qj),Pi,j.,(Q)=0,(P1)max{Ui,qi}6ni=1f(i)iV(qi)-cqi-6ni=1f(i)Ui,s.t:IRi,ICij:Pi,j.1IR1,(thedownwardlocalincentiveconstraints)ICi(i-1),Pi=2,3,,nA1,(P1)MR(Maskin2Riley):9i-H(i)V(qMRi)=c,(1)UMR1=0;UMRi=6i-1j=1V(qMRj),Pi2,(2)H()=1-F()f(),1-F()f()(reciprocalhazardrate)640()8,H()0,qMRiqMRi+1,qMRiq3i,Pin,qMRn=q3n,q3iiV(q3i)=c,,(),,={,€}Pr(=)=v,Pr(=€)=1-v,Q=vq+(1-v)…q,(P2)max{(U,q);(U,…q)}vV(q)-cq+(1-v)€V(…q)-c…q+(Q)-vU+(1-v)U,s.t.IR:U0;IR(€):U0.V(qFB)+(vqFB+(1-v)…qFB)=c,€V(…qFB)+(vqFB+(1-v)…qFB)=c.(3),,(P3)max{(U,q);(U,…q)}vV(q)-cq+(1-v)€V(…q)-c…q+(Q)-vU+(1-v)U,s.t.IR():U0,IR(€):U0,IC():UU-V(…q),IC(€):UU+V(q).1,IC(€)IR(),:-1-vvV(qSB)+(vqSB+(1-v)…qSB)=c,€V(…qSB)+(vqSB+(1-v)…qSB)=c.(4)max{q,…q}(q,…q,),(5)2:641(q,…q,)=vV(q)-cq+(1-v)€V(…q)-c…q+(Q).=,(3);=-1-vv(4),1,V(q)0,V(q)0,,:1.(mildlydis2congestible),(Q)0P-1-vv,qq10,(oneway2distortion):qSBqFB,…qSB…qFB10,(Q)0,qq,(5)2.(congestible),(Q)0,(two2waydistortion):qSBqFB,…qSB…qFB3.(neutral),(Q)=0,(one2waydistortionandnodistortiononthetop):qSBqFB,…qSB=…qFB,:QSBQFBB2,(tradeoffbetweenallocativeefficiencyandrentextraction),,,;,,,;,,,(),Ui0,:642()8iV(qi)+(Q)=c,Pi{1,2,,n}.(6),,P4:max{Ui,qi}6ni=1f(i)iV(qi)-cqi+6ni=1f(i)qi-6ni=1f(i)Ui,s.t.IRi:Ui0,ICij:UiUj+i-jV(qj),Pi,j.1U1=0;Ui=6i-1j=1V(qj),Pi2P(4)6ni=1i-1-F(i)f(i)f(i)V(qi)+6ni=1f(i)qi-c6ni=1f(i)qi.(7):maxqRn+(q,),(8)(q,)=6ni=1[i+H(i)]f(i)V(qi)+6ni=1f(i)qi-c6ni=1f(i)qi,(9)q=(q1,q2,,qn)Rn+,[-1,0]=0,;=-12dd1-F()f()0,(q,)=(qSB,-1),qq,[i-H(i)]V(qi)+6ni=1f(i)qi=c,Pi{1,2,,n}.(10)USB1=0,USBi=6i-1j=1V(qSBj),Pi{2,3,,n}.(11)tSBi=1V(qSB1)+(QSB),i=1,iV(qSBi)-6i-1j=1V(qSBj)+(QSB),i2.(12)2:643C,,3V()0,V()0dd1-F()f()01.,(Q)0PqRn+P[0,1],qq,:qSBiqFBi,Pi2.,(Q)0,,i3{1,2,,n},ii3,qSBiqFBi;ii3,qSBiqFBi3.,(Q)=0,:qSBiqFBi,PinqSBn=qFBn11Topkis(1978)MilgromShannon(1994),(lattice)Q=(q1,q2,,qn)(supermodular),Pij,929qi9qj0;,929qi90,Pi,(q,)q()=maxqQ(q,),(q,),qi(),:QSBQFBD3,Hahn(2003)Segal(1999,2003)Csorba(2008)()0,,929qi9qj0,PijCsorba(2008)(strategiccomplementarityas2sumption),(Topkis,1978;MilgromandShannon,1994)11,3(i),(i),(rent2extractioneffect),,(network2valueaugmentingeffect),,,;,,,,,,,,644()812,,,12,,G3()=maxq[V(q)-q]G=G3(),ŠG=G3(€),G=ŠG-G,()0,1(type2de2pendentreservationutilities),,,,(P5)max{(U,q);(U,…q)}vV(q)-cq+(1-v)€V(…q)-c…q+(Q)-vU+(1-v)U,s.t.IR():UG,IR(€):UŠG,IC():UU-V(…q),IC(€):UU+V(q).4(entry2deterrencepricingcon2tract),1234,:1.4,GV(qSB),:q=qSB,…q=…qSB,U=GU=G+V(qSB)2.34,V(qSB)GV(qFB),qq:q=V-1G,€V(…q)+vq+(1-v)…q=c,(13)2:645qqSB,qFB,qqFB,qSBU=GU=ŠG3.23,V(qFB)GV(…qFB),q=qFB,…q=…qFB,U=GU=ŠG4.12,V(…qFB)GV(…qCI),q…q:…q=V-1G,V(q)+(vq+(1-v)…q)=c,(14)q[qCI,qFB],q[qFB,qCI]13U=GU=ŠG13CI(countervailingincentives)5.01,GV(…qCI),:q=qCI,…q=…qCI;U=ŠG-V(…qCI)U=ŠGqCI…qCI:V(qCI)+(vqCI+(1-v)…qCI)=c,€+v1-vV(…qCI)+(vqCI+(1-v)…qCI)=c.(15)E44,:q=qSB,…q=…qSB,,,,,IR()IC(€)34,q[qSB,qFB],…q[…qFB,…qSB],G,,,q,,,qqq,23,q=qFB,…q=…qFBG,q,,,,IR()IR(€),12,q[qCI,qFB],…q[…qFB,…qCI],646()8IC(),IR(€)IR(),q€,…q(sideeffect),,,…q,…q,,q,01,q=qCI,…q=…qCI(),ŠG-V…qCIIC()IR(€)(tt),qCI…qCI1qSB…qSB1,,(Hahn,2003;Segal,1999,2003;Csorba,2008):,;,;,2:647,,,,,,,,,A1,IR1ICi1,i2IRiUiU1+(i-1)V(q1)U10.,ICij:UiUj+(i-j)V(qj)ICji:UjUi+(j-i)V(qi)(i-j)[V(qi)-V(qj)]0,,q()ijICij(implementabilitycondition):qiqjICji,,ICi(i-1):UiUi-1+V(qi-1)IC(i-1)(i-2):Ui-1Ui-2+V(qi-2)UiUi-2+[V(qi-1)+V(qi-2)]Ui-2+(i-i-2)V(qi-2),qi-1qi-2(localICs)(non2localICs)B1(5)q(q,)=0,(16)648()8V(q)+(vq+(1-v)…q)=c,€V(…q)+(vq+(1-v)…q)=c.(17),qqdqd+q=0,(18)vV(q)+v2(Q)v(1-v)(Q)v(1-v)(Q)(1-v)€V(…q)+(1-v)2(Q)dqdd…qd=-vV(q)0.(19),dqd=-V(q)[€V(…q)+(1-v)(Q)]V(q)€V(…q)+(1-v)(Q)+v€V(…q)(Q),d…qd=vV(q)(Q