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SpeechActtheory外国语言学及应用语言学肖莹莹3.19.20141.Explicitandimplicitperformatives2.Austin’strichotomyofspeechacts3.Searle’sfelicityconditionsonspeechacts4.Searle’stypologyofspeechacts5.IndirectSpeechActs1.ExplicitandimplicitperformativesExplicitperformativeuseaperformativeverbeg.Ipromisetobethereattwoo’clock.Implicitperformativedonotemployperformativeverbseg.I’llbethereattwoo’clock.2.Austin’strichotomyofspeechactsLocutionaryact:theactofsayingsomething(theactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses,conveyingliteralmeaning)Illocutionaryact:theactinsayingsomething(theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention,conveyingmeaningincontext)Perlocutionaryact:theactbysayingsomething(theeffectoftheutterance)eg:Couldyouclosethedoor?3.Searle’sfelicityconditionsonspeechactsPropositionalcontentconditionsPreparatoryconditionsSincerityconditionsEssentialconditionseg.Felicityconditionsforpromising(Searle1969)1.Propositionalcontentconditionsa.Speakerexprssesthepropositionintheutterance.b.Inexpressingthatproposition,SpeakerpredicatesafutureactofSpeaker.2.Preparatoryconditionsa.HearerwouldpreferSpeaker’sdoingtheacttohisnotdoingtheact,andSpeakerbelievesHearerwouldpreferhisdoingtheacttohisnotdoingtheact.b.ItisnotobvioustobothSpeakerandHearerthatSpeakerwilldotheactinthenormalcourseofevents.3.SincerityconditionsSpeakerintendstodotheact.4.EssentialconditionsSpeakerintendsthattheutterancwillpalcehimunderanobligationtodotheact.Austin’sclassificationof(illocutionary)speechactsa.Verdictives(decree,convict)(裁决类)b.exercitives(oder,nominate)(行使类)c.commissives(promise,plan)(承诺类)d.behabitives(apologize,thank)(表态类)e.Expositives(state,describe)(阐述类)4.Searle’stypologyofspeechacts4.Searle’stypologyofspeechactsThecriteria:•a.Illocutionarypoint(havingtodowiththepurposeorintentionofthespeakerasagainstthatofthehearer);•b.Directionoffitbetweenthewordsandtheworld(whetherthepropositionalcontentofutteredwordsmatchestheworld,ortheopposite);•c.Psychologicalstateexpressedorpropositionalattitudetowardsthepropositionalcontent.(consistentwiththesinceritycondition)SpeechacttypeIllocutionarypointDirectionoffitPsychologicalstateTypicalVprepresentatives阐述类statingwhathebelievestobetrueThewordsfitthe(“outside”)worldbeliefassert,stateswear,guessdirectives指令类tryingtogetHearertodosth.Theworldwillfitthewordswishrequest,advise,order,demand…commissives承诺类committingspeakerhimselftoafutureactTheworldwillfitthewordsintentionpromise,undertake,vow…expressives表达类expressingfeelings/attitudeThewordsfitthe(“psychological”)worldpsychologicalfeelingsapologize,thank,regret…declarations宣告类bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsth.Thewordschangetheworldname,appoint,declare…5.IndirectSpeechActs(ISA)?(1)DirectSpeechActsVS.ISAsentencetypesillocutionaryforces(言外语势)declarativestating/assertinginterrrogativequestioning/askingimperativeordering/requestingDirectSpeechActs:Ifthereisadirectrelationshipbetweenasentencetypeandanillocutionaryforce,wehaveadirectspeechact.eg.Listentothenews.I（hereby）orderyoutolistentothenews.ISA:Ifthereisnodirectrelationshipbetweenasentencetypeandanillocutionaryforce,wearefacedwithanindirectspeechact.eg.Canyoupassthesalt?Interrogativerequesting●Searle(1975)definedanISAasanillocutionaryactwhich“isperformedindirectlybywayofperforminganother.”Insummary,peopleoftenexpressideasinanindirectwaywhichleadstotwoillocutionaryactsintheindirectutterance.Thespeechactrelatedtothespeakermeaningiscalledprimaryillocutionaryact(首要施事行为),whiletheactlinkedtotheliteralmeaningiscalledsecondaryillocutionaryact（次要施事行为）.(2)Classification(2.1)ConventionalIndirectSpeechActs(Searle,1969)Refertothoseutteranceswithfamiliarandfixedexpressions(Hu&Jiang,2002).ThistypeofISAsisaccomplishedbymeansofcertainconventionalrules,thehearercangettheillocutionarymeaningorthecommunicativeintentionofthespeakeraccordingtotheconventionalusinghabitsoftheutterancesastheliteralmeaningisidenticalwiththerealintentionofthespeaker.eg.CanIhelpyou?Wouldyoulikesomehelp?Willyou+VP,wouldyou+VP,canyou+VPetc.(2.2)Non-ConventionalIndirectSpeechActsTheyaremuchmoredifficulttodetect,sothehearerneedtoanalyzethecontex,sharesomecommonknowledgewiththespeakerandhavesomebasicreasoningabilitiestofigureouttheindirectspeechacts.eg.A：Let’sgotothemoviestonight!B:Ihavetopreparefortheexam.(4).StudiesofISA（FromCNKI）研究类型数量(约114篇)所占比例举例纯理论性研究4438.6%间接言语行为述评；浅谈赛尔的间接言语行为理论；间接言语行为分析；间接言语行为语用功能；间接言语行为及其哲学意蕴......从不同视角研究ISA4337.7%间接言语行为的认知分析；关联理论对间接言语行为的阐释力；理解跨文化交际中的间接言语行为；论对间接言语行为的转喻解释......ISA与教学2118.4%对间接言语行为在英语教学中的探讨；间接言语行为理论与大学英语听力教学；间接言语行为理论在对外汉语教学中的应用......应用ISA分析具体实例65.3%从间接言语行为分析电影《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》；间接言语行为与网络流行语；《红楼梦》对话中间接言语行为的语境分析......References[1]AustinJL.HowtoDoThingswithWords[M].OxfordUniversityPress,1962.[2]SearleJR.SpeechActs:AnEssayinthePhilosophyofLanguage[M].CambridgeUniversityPress,1969.[3]SearleJR.Indirectspeechacts[M]//ColeP,MorganJ.SyntaxandSemantics.Vol.3.SpeechActs.AcademicPress,1975.[4]SearleJR.ExpressionandMeaning:StudiesintheTheoryofSpeechActs[M].CambridgeUniversityPress,1979.[5]胡壮麟，姜望琪.语言学高级教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.[6]Leech,G.PrincipleofPragmatics[M].London：Long