TV电视游戏

《高级英语精读》补充教材与练习厦门大学外文学院英语系高年级教研室1SupplementaryreadingmaterialsforthefirstsemesterTextOnePracticeeffectivegoalsettingmployeeshavemanygoals.Theystrivetoreachquotas,wincontests,pleaseothers,makeitthroughtheworkday,oroutperformtheirco-workers.Theirgoalsaresometimesdifficultandsometimeseasy,sometimesspecificandsometimesvague.Thenatureofemployeegoalsandhowtheyaresetarecritical.Goalsettingisasimpleandinexpensive,butverypowerful,toolintheleader’sarsenal.Whyaregoalssoimportant?◆Goalsletemployeesknowwhatisexpectedofthem.◆Goalscanrelieveboredom.Considerhowboringmostgameswouldbeifyoudidn’tkeepscore.◆Whenpeoplereachtheirgoals,theyliketheirjobsmoreandaremoresatisfiedwiththeirperformance.◆Reachingagoalearnsrecognitionfrompeers,supervisors,andothers.◆Reachingagoalincreasesself-confidence,prideinachievement,andwillingnesstoacceptfuturechallenges.Hereareguidelinesforsettingeffectivegoals:Bespecific.Specificgoalsleadtohigherperformancethanvagueones.Infact,“doyourbest”goalshaveaboutthesameeffectasnogoalatall.Imaginearunnercirclingatrack,shoutingtohercoach“HowmuchfartherdoIhavetogo?”Areplyfromthecoachof“Justdoyourbest”won’thelpmuch.Similarly,“directional”goals,suchas“dobetter”or“loseweight”aren’tanymoreuseful.Instead,aspecificgoalsuchas“increaseproductivityby20percentwithinsixmonths”or“losetenpoundsintenmonths”isneeded.Setdifficult,butreachable,goals.Aslongasthegoalisseenasreasonable,moredifficultgoalsleadtobetterperformance.However,employeesmustbelievethegoalisattainable.Iifnot,theywillrejectit.Also,peoplepursuemanygoalsatthesametime.Iftheybelieveoneistoodifficult,theywillfocusonother,moreattainablegoals.Interestingly,whenpeoplefacedifficultgoals,theyanalyzetheirtaskmorethoroughlyandaremorecreativethanwhengivensimplegoals.Theybothworkharderandworksmarter.Letpeopleparticipateinsettingtheirgoals.Thisincreasesunderstandingandacceptanceofgoals.Animportant—andperhapssurprising—factisthatwhenpeopleparticipateinsettingtheirowngoals,theresultinggoalsaregenerallymoredifficultthanifthegoalsweresetforthem.Thesemoredifficultgoals,inturn,arelikelytoleadtohigherperformanceGivefeedbackonprogress.Feedbackkeepsbehaviorontrack.Itmayalsostimulategreatereffort.Avideogame*withoutascorewouldsoonbeabandoned.And,whenpeoplelearnhowtheyaredoing,theytendtosetpersonalimprovementgoals.Themostpowerfulfeedbackcomesfromthejobitself,ratherthanfromsomeonetellingyouhowyou’vedone.E《高级英语精读》补充教材与练习厦门大学外文学院英语系高年级教研室2Asimpleruleofthumb*mightbe“Ifsomethingdoesn’tmatter,itdoesn'tmatterwhetheryoudoitwell.”Goalsettingdoesmatter,soyou’dbetternotmessitup*.Inadditiontotheguidelineswe’vesuggested,keepthesethingsinmind:◆Setgoalsforeverythingthatisimportantintheworkplace.Ifyousetgoalsforsomethingsbutnotforothers,thosewithoutgoalsmaybeignored.◆Avoidthetemptationtosetjustthoseeasythatareeasytoset.Sometimes,wereallycareaboutXbut,becauseYiseasiertoquantify,wesetgoalsforYinstead.*gameplayedusingahomecomputer,etcinwhichtheplayercontrolsimagesonaTV电视游戏*aruleofthumb:roughpracticalmethodofassessingormeasuringsomething,usu.basedonpastexperienceratherthanonexactmeasurement,etc.*doitincompetently,badlyorclumsily;spoilitthroughlackofskillI.Comprehension:Determinewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.1．Goalsareimportantbecausetheyhelptoearnrecognitionandtoincreaseself-confidence.2．“Directional”goalsleadtobettereffect.3．Themoredifficultagoalis,thebetterandsmarterapersonwillwork.4．Itisbelievedthatifpeopleareinvolvedinsettingtheirowngoals,theyarelikelyoperformbetter.5．“Feedbackkeepsbehaviorontrack”maymean“Feedbackenablesustobeinformedofourbehavior”.6．ItisrighttosetgoalsforYbecauseY’squantityiseasiertomeasure,althoughwhatwereallycareisX..II.Discussthefollowingquestions:1.Isgoal-settingimportanttoyourstudy?Whyorwhynot?2.Howcanpeopleensuretheeffectivenessoftheirgoal-setting?3.IntermsofyourEnglishstudy,whatisyourmajorgoalsforthisterm,thisacademicyearandthefollowingthreeyearsrespectively?TextTwoManageyourtimewiselyheaveragelifespanofanAmericantodayis77.3years.Comparedtotheeternitiesoftimethatcamebeforeusandwillcomeafterus,that77.3yearsseemsbutasmalldustmoteinavastuniverse.Butitiswhatitis—theonlytrueresourcewewilleverhaveisthetimeweeachareallottedonthisplanet.Theonlyquestions,the,~,seemtobe(1)“Whatismypurposehere?”and(2)TowhatbestusecanImakeofthetimeIhaveleft?”EverysecondCounts.Don’tletitstealaway.T《高级英语精读》补充教材与练习厦门大学外文学院英语系高年级教研室3TIMEROBBERS&SOLUTIONSHerearesomecommonsensicalsolutionstodealingwithtime-robbers:LackofAwareness.Someofusaresobusydrivingthatwedon’ttakethetimetostepback,stop,andseewherewe’vebeenandwherewe’regoing.Recordfortwoweekshowyouspendyourtimeeachday.Analyzethedata.Identifyyourtimerobbers---disruptions,distractions,unplannedmeetings,trivialwork,etc.Thinkoftimeasmoneyinvestedtoaccomplishcertaingoals.Areyoumakingwiseinvestments?Foreachitemonyourtimelog,askthreequestionscreatedbyPeterDrunker,thefamousmanagementguru:“Whatwouldhappenifthiswerenotdoneatall?”“Whichactivitiescouldbetterbedonebysomeoneelse?”“Whatwastesmytimewithoutcontributingtomyeffectiveness?”NoPlanning.Sometimes,p