运用变译方法中摘译

运用变译方法中摘译、编译、译述、缩译、综述、述评、译评、译写、改译、阐译、参议、仿作结束翻译事实一、摘译摘译，顾名思义，指先摘后译的变译方法。例：BlamebeergutongenesAbeer-gutgenethatgivesfellasflabbytummieshasbeendiscoveredbyscientists.Themedicalbreakthroughprovesthatguzzlingaleisnottheonlyreasonwhymendevelopsaggystomachs.Theycanalsoinheritfromtheirparentsabodymake-upmuchmorelikelytoruntofat.Thebeer-gutgenewastrackeddownbyItalianexperts.TheyfoundthatmenwithaparticularvariantofitcalledDDweretwiceaslikelytogetfat.Andtheyarealsosignificantlymorelikelytoputonthepoundsaroundtheirmidriff.Dr.CarolCoppersaid:“ThissoundslikeaNewYear’sgiftforallthoseguyswhoaretubbyroundthemiddlebutaren’treadytogiveupthetripstotheboozer.You’restuckwiththegenesyou’rebornwith,whichcouldbyjusttheexcuselardyladswholikeadrinkarelookingfor.”Dr.PasqualeStrazzullowarnedthefindingsmightnotapplytoBritishmen-becausetheresearchwasbasedentirelyonItalians.意大利科学家发现，体内携带一种被称做DD的啤酒肚基因变体的男子发胖的几率是常人的两倍。上文是一则科技新闻报道。科学家最新发现，男子啤酒肚的产生源于体内一种叫做DD的特殊基因变体。段中第5句正是这一科学新发现的核心内，因此将其作为摘译对象。这是单句摘译。要注意的是，原句中代词they,it指代不清，摘译时要还原为其所指代的具体对象。二、编译编译，指对原作加工整理然后翻译的变译方法。例：ShefoundherselfminusthelegoneweekafterconsultingforadoctoraboutapersistentswellingsheattributedtohardworkandplayinNewYorkCity–itwasaninoperablebonetumor.Whileitsavedherlife,anensuingyearofchemotherapyreducedtheoncestunningmodeltoabaldshadowofherformerself.原译：在询问医生为什么持续肿胀一个星期之后，她失去了一条腿。她曾认为是由于工作劳累和在纽约市游玩造成的。这是一个不宜手术的骨瘤。虽然手术挽救了她的生命，但接踵而来的长达一年的化疗使这位一度艳丽销魂的时装模特儿秀发脱落，枯瘦如柴，失尽昔日风采。改译：她腿上出现了一个持续不消的肿块，原以为是在纽约又工作又游玩累的，看医生之后才知道是骨瘤，而且不宜手术。一周之后她便截去了那条腿。截肢虽然挽救了她的生命，但接踵而来的长达一年的化疗使这位一度艳丽消魂的时装模特儿秀发脱落，枯瘦如柴，失尽昔日风采。译文理解准确，表达流畅，但有一个问题，就是照搬原作的内在逻辑结构，使汉语读者对所述事件的因果关系难以把握。滋生许多疑问。李运兴说，“这位译者没有注意到汉语更重自然时序的临摹性强的特点，致使译文多处发生连贯失调。比如，‘失去一条腿’的原因是什么?既然‘不宜手术’，怎么’手术挽救了她的生命’?”。因此，译者必须对原文句序进行调整，以符合汉语自然时序的思维逻辑。三、译述译述，指译者用自己的语言转述原作主要内容或部分内容的变译方法。例：Theunitofp.d.,likethatofe.m.f.,isthevolt,whichisthatp.d.existingbetweentwopointsinacircuitwhereoneunitofelectricalenergyhasbeenchangedtosomeotherformofenergyasconsequenceofonecoulombpassingbetweenthepoints.原译:电位差的单位同电动势的单位一样，是伏特。伏特就是存在于电路两点之间的电位差。在这两点之间一个单位的电能转换成了另一种形式的能量，这是由于一库伦的电荷通过这两点所致。改译:电位差的单位同电动势的单位一样，是伏特。电路中某两点之间由于一库伦电量通过时引起单位电能向其他能量形式转换，则此两点之间的电位差为1伏特。原译按照原文顺序译出，其表述“伏特就是存在于电路两点之间的电位差”与物理学中的有关概念不符。伏特是电位差的单位，但并不等于电位差。另外，顺序译法直接将英语的逻辑表达方式移人汉语，难以把原文的物理概念和逻辑联系表达清楚，因此需要对原文的后半部分进行调整，理顺逻辑关系。四、缩译缩译，即压缩性翻泽，指以较小的篇幅再现原作的主干内容的变译方法。例：WritingQualityRequirementsByKailE.Wiegers…(1-30段略)GuidelinesforWritingQualityRequirementsThereisnoformulaicwaytowtiteexcellentrequirements.Itislargelyamatterofexperienceandlearningfromtherequirementsproblemsyouhaveencounteredinthepast.Hereareafewguidelinestokeepinmindasyoudocumentsoftwarerequirements.Keepsentencesandparagraphsshort.Usetheactivevoice.Usepropergrammar,spelling,andpunctuation.Usetermsconsistentlyanddefinetheminaglossaryordatadictionary.Toseeifarequirementstatementissufficientlywelldefined,readitfromthedeveloper’sperspective.Mentallyaddthephrase,“callmewhenyou’redone’totheendoftherequirementandseeifthatmakesyounervous.Inotherword,wouldyouneedadditionalclarificationfromtheSRSauthortounderstandtherequirementwellenoughtodesignandimplementit?Ifso,hatrequirementshouldbeelaboratedbeforeproceedingwithconstruction.Requirementauthorsoftenstruggletofindtherightlevelofgranularity.Avoidlongnarrativeparagraphsthatcontainmultiplerequirements.Ahelpfulgranularityguidelineistowriteindividuallytestablerequirements.Ityoucanthinkofasmallmunberofrelatedteststoverifycorrectimplementationofarequirement,itisprobablywrittenattherightlevelofdetail.Ifyouenvisionmanydifferentkindsoftests,perhapsseveralrequirementshavebeenlumpedtogetherandshouldbeseparated.Watchoutformultiplerequirementsthathavebeenaggregatedintoasinglestatement.Conjunctionslike“and”and“or”inarequirementsuggestthatseveralrequirementshavebeencombined.Neveruse“and/or”inarequirementstatement.Writerequirementsataconsistentlevelofdetailthroughoutthedocument.Ihaveseenrequirementsspecificationsthatvariedwidelyintheirscope.Forexample,“AvalidcolorcodeshallbeRforred”and“AvalidcolorcodeshallbeGforgreen”mightbysplitoutasseparaterequirements,while“Theproductshallrespondtoeditingdirectivesenteredbyvoice”describesanentiresubsystem,notasinglefunctionalrequirement.AvoidstatingrequirementsredundantlyintheSRS.Whileincludingthesamerequirementinmultipleplacesmaymakethedocumenteasiertoread,italsomakesmaintenanceofthedocumentmoredifficult.Themultipleinstancesoftherequirementallhavetobeundatedatthesametime,lestaninconsistencycreepin.Ifyouobservetheseguidelinesandifyoureviewtherequirementsformallyandinformally,earlyandoften,yourrequirementswillprovideabetterfoundationforproductconstruction,systemtesting,andultimatecustomersatisfaction.Andrememberthatwithouthighqualityrequirements,softwareislikeaboxofchocolates:youneverknowthatyou’regoingtoget.缩译文:撰写质，需求byKarlWiegers.Bear缩译软件需求常常写得很糟，不易操作，清晰地阐明需求将使每位项目参与者获益。需求的.慈特点是正确、可行、必要、有序、清楚、可证。每条要求的特点为完整、一致、可修改、可跟踪。撰写优质需求没有固定的程式，主要取决于从昔日需求中获得的经验教训。下面有几条撰写软件需求时应遵循的原则:句段简短、陈述明确、层次适当、一个陈述表达一个需求、细节一致、力避冗余。原文约四千词。缩译文约二百二十个字，也就是说，缩译文不到原文的十分之一。原文的关键词句一目了然，大都用粗体标识。退一步说，即使原文不用粗体，译者也很容易识别，因为这些关键词句，