8AU1-U3语法练习

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18AUnit1-3语法讲解及强化练习一.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级(一)形容词1.定义用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词,叫形容词。2.形容词的作用,见下表:作用例句定语Youcanseealotofbeautifulflowersinthegarden.表语Yourcoatistoosmall.宾语补足语Theoldwomankeepseverythingcleanandtidy.常用的系动词有:be,grow,smell,become,keep,sound,feel,look,taste,get,seem,turn…注意:1.)有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone,afraid,asleep等。例如:Don'twakethesleepingbabyup.Heisasleep.Theoldmanisalone.2.)形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。例如:You'dbettertellussomethinginteresting.Thepolicefoundnothingstrangeintheroom.3.)形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词,表示一类人,谓语常用复数。这类词有:rich/poor;good/bad;young/old;healthy/ill;living/dead;black/white(表示人种等)。例如:Theyoungshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.年轻人应该好好照顾老人。Therichneverhelpthepoorinthiscountry.在这个国家,富人从来不帮助穷人。4.)else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。如:Didyouseeanybodyelse?你看到别的人了吗?Whatelsecanyouseeintheroom?房间里你还能看到什么?3.以-ly结尾的形容词1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:(错)Shesanglovely.(错)Hespoketomeveryfriendly.(对)Hersingingwaslovely.(对)Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。TheTimesisaweeklypaper.《时代周刊》为周刊。TheTimesispublishedweekly.《时代周刊》每周发行一期。(二)副词1.定义:副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。22.副词的位置:1)在实义动词之前或之后。2)在be动词、助动词之后。3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意:a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。b.方式副词well,hard等只放在句尾。例如:HespeaksEnglishwell.他英语说得好。注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:Idon\'tknowhimwellenough.他我不熟悉。Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。3.方式副词A.定义:表示说话者行事方式的副词叫方式副词,常用来回答“how”问句。B.构成:大部分由形容词+ly变来。e.g.quiet—quietly.happily1)一般情况下+lyquick---quicklybad--badly2)辅音字母+y,去y+ilyhappy---happilynoisy-noisily3)le,ue结尾去e加lypossible—possiblygentle—gentlysimple-simplyterrible-terriblycomfortable---comfortablyprobable-probablydue---dulytrue-truly注:其它以e结尾的加lynice—nicely,safe----safely,polite--politely4)以ll结尾的词,加yfull--fully5)部分形容词和副词是两个完全不同的词:goodwell6)形容词副词同形hard,fast,high,early,late,far,straight7)friendly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,这些词结构上看像副词,其实不然,它们都是形容词。8)一些形容词不能变成方式副词:A.表语形容词:B.表语,定语形容词:(三)形容词、副词的比较级和最高级1.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成:1)单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化:规则原级比较级最高级1.在词尾后直接加-er/esttalltallertallest2.词尾是e,只加-r/stnicenicernicest3.以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变i再加-er/esthappyhappierhappiest4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加-er/estthinthinnerthinnest2)其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/mostbeautiful—morebeautiful—(the)mostbeautiful3)由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most.quickly—morequickly—(the)mostquicklydifficultly—moredifficultly—(the)mostdifficultly34)不规则变化:good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest2.形容词/副词原级、比较级、最高级的用法1)原级的用法:(没有比较时用原级)a)在very,quite,rather,so,too,enough,等词后面用原级;e.g.Englishisveryuseful,soweshouldtryourbesttolearnitwell.b)A+v.+as+形容词/副词原级+asB用于两者之间对比,意思为“……和……一样”TomisashonestasJack.Herskinisaswhiteassnow.TomrunsasfastasJones.c)notas/so+形容词/副词原级+as意思为“不如,不及”,Heisnotas/sotallasI.Hedidn’tcomeas/soearlyasLiLeiTheweatherhereisnotas/socoolasthatinHarbin.2)比较级的用法:a)A+v.+形容词/副词的比较级+than+BSusanishappierthanJane.BeijingismorebeautifulthanOsaka.LilyranfasterthanMary(did).形容词/副词的比较级前还可以用much,even,still,alittle等来修饰。b)数字+形容词比较级+thanI’mtwoyearsolderthanyou.Sheisaheadtallerthanme.c)比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越……”Theearthisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Chinabecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.d)the+比较级,the+比较级结构,表示“越……就越……”ThemoreIstudyit,themoreIlikeit.Theharderyouwork,thebetteryouwilllearn.e)which/who+is+比较级Whichcityisbigger,BeijingorTianjin?Whorunsfaster,youorme?3)最高级用法:用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,形容词的最高级前一定要加the(副词的最高级前可以不加the),最高级前有物主代词,序数词和名词所有格时,不加定冠词the,后面跟带有表示范围的词或短语。如:ofthethree,inourclass等等。a)oneofthe+最高级ShanghaiisoneofthemostbeautifulcitiesinChina.Ourcityisoneofthesafestcitiesintheworld.Heworks(the)hardestofallthestudentsintheclass.Itisournearestneighbourinspace.b)最高级意义的表达方法:例句最高级Sheisthebestinherclass.4比较级Sheisbetterthananyotherstudentinherclass.Nootherstudentinherclassisbetterthanshe.原级Nootherstudentinherclassisasgoodasshe.4)事物数量上“多与少”的比较用法a)多Manymoremost+可数/不可muche.g.(1)Iscoredmorepointsthanhedoesinthetest.(2)Hehasmorefreetimethanme.(3)Jimdrankthemostmilkofall.(4)MybrothersboughtthemostCDsinhisclass.b)少littlelessleast+不可数名词e.g.(1)SimonhaslessorangejuicethanAmy.(2)Simonhastheleastorangejuiceinhisclass.fewfewerfewest+可数复数e.g.(1)Amyhasfewercomicbooksthanme.(2)Amyhasthefewestcomicbooksinherclass.务必小心:more,most(多);less,least,fewer,fewest(少)常放在名词前。尤其在汉译英中e.g.(1)我的花比你多。Ihavemoreflowersthanyou.(2)我的钱比他少,但他的朋友比我少。Ihavelessmoneythanhimbuthehasfewerfriendsthanme.拓展:对事物异同的比较1)相同方面的比较(1)A与B相同A+be+thesameas+Be.g.Mytrousersarethesameasyours.(2)A与B在某方面相同A+be+thesame+名词+as+Be.g.Mytrousersarethesamecolourasyours.Thisbuildingisthesameheightasthatone.注:1.lookthesame看上去相同e.g.Theylookthesame.2.lookthesameas...看上去与...相同e.g.Millieskirtlooksthesameasmine.2)不同方面的比较A与B不同A+bedifferentfrom+B.e.g.SchoollifeintheUSAisdifferentfromthatinBritain.注:lookdifferentfrom...看上去与...不同Yourblouselooksdifferentfromhers.二.反身代词1)反身代词是强调或表示动作反身到动作执行者本身的代词。表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”等意思的词被称为反身代词。2)变化形式:人称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