《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语

1《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction:GrammaticalHierarchy(导论—语法层次)2.Partsofspeech(wordclass)3.Phrases词组4.Clause分句5.Sentence句子1.Morpheme词素Freemorpheme自由词素Boundmorpheme粘附词素Allomorph词素变体Words词Simplewords简单词Derivatives派生词Compounds复合词*(1)ClassificationintermsofwordformationOpen-classwords(contentwords)开放词类（实义词）Closed-classwords(functionwords)封闭词类（功能词）Intermediateclass(中间词类)*(2)ClassificationintermsofgrammaticalfunctionNounVerbAdjectiveAdverbPrepositionPronounDeterminerConjunctionAuxiliaryNumeralsInterjectionNounphraseVerbphraseAdjectivephraseAdverbphrasePrepositionphraseConjunctionAuxiliary（1）Independentclause&Subordinateclause独立分句和从属分句（2）Simpleclause&Complexclause(*complexsentence)简单分句和复杂分句（*复杂句）（3）Mainclause&Subordinateclause主句和从句（4）Finiteclause，non-finiteclauseandVerblessclause限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句(1)Fullsentence&Minorsentence完全句和不完全句(2)Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(3)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,exclamatorysentence2Lecture1SentenceStructure（L1）Sentenceelements:S(subject)主语V(predicateverb)谓语动词O(object)宾语C(complement)补足语A(Adverbial)状语1.Twowaysofsentenceanalysis1)SVOSentenceClauseNPVPNPSubjectPredicateverbObjectAllthemanhavedonetheirbest.Sentence=Subject+Predicate(PredicateVerb+Object,Complement,Adverbial,etc.)句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。2)Subject+Predicate(=operator+predication)SentenceClauseSubjectPredicateOperatorPredicationAllthemanhavedonetheirbest.句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。2.BasicclausetypesSVC,SV,SVA,SVO,SVOA,SVOC,SVoOLecture2Subject-VerbConcord（L2-3）Guidingprinciples:GrammaticalConcordNotionalConcordPrincipleofProximity语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则NominalclauseNon-finiteclauseRelativeclauseCleftsentenceExistentialclause名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture3NounandNounPhrase（L4-5）1.Classificationofnouns3Partitive(UnitNoun)单位词2.CasesofNounsNominativecase/Subjectivecase（主格）Accusativecase/Objectivecase（宾格）Genitivecase（属格）/Possessivecase（所有格）Dativecase（受事格/与格）GenitivecaseGenitivecasesspecifyingthereferenceofthenounphrase.Specificreference(特指)Genericreference（类指）Indefinitegenitivephrase（非确定特指）Lecture4Determiner（L6-7）1.DefinitionDeterminersarefunctionwordswhichareusedtodetermineorfixthereferenceofanoun.2.ClassificationIndependentGenitiveDoubleGenitive43.ArticlesArticleisamajorgroupofdeterminersusedtodelimitthescopeofreferenceofnouns(主要用来限定名词的指称范围).*p.74,7.1.3,冠词的确定特指（definitespecificreference）分为前照应特指（cataphoricspecificreference）、后照应特指（anaphoricspecificreference）和语境特指（situationalreference），这与后面的代词照应（pronounreferencep.104,9.3）在术语上略有不同。Lecture5Pronoun（L8-9）1.Classification5Antecedent先行词2.Theuseofreflexivepronoun(-self)3.Pronounreference(代词照应)前照应（Cataphoricreference）、后照应(Anaphoricreference)、语境照应(Situationalreference)、人称照应(Personalreference)、指示照应(Demonstrativereference)6Lecture6VerbandVerbPhrase（L10-22）1.Classificationofverbs动词分类的标准有很多种，如上图所示，记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式，不带to不定式（bareinfinitive）等等，还有副词/介词小品词（adverbparticle&propositionparticle）。TransitiveVerbs：followedbyobjects.Intransitiveverbs：donotrequireanobject.Linkingverbs：followedbysubjectcompliments.•SVO主—动—宾(Transitiveverb)•SVoO主—动—宾—宾(Ditransitiveverb)【双宾语动词】•SVOC主—动—宾—补(Monotransitiveverb)【单宾语动词】•SV主—动(Intransitiveverb)•SVC主—动—补(Linkingverb)•Thisaspectisofessentialimportancebecausetheverbtypeheredeterminesthebasicsentencestructureofyoursentenceandhowyoucanexpandyoursentence.2.FiveformsofVerbs（动词的五种基本形式）原形（baseform）、第三人称单数（thirdpersonsingular）、过去式（pasttense）、过去分词（pasttense）、现在分词（presentparticiple）3.TenseandaspectsTenseAspectSimplepresentSimplepastSimplefuturePastfutureprogressive现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体Perfectiveprogressive现在完成进行体过去完成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体74.Mood陈述式（Indicativemood）、祈使式（Imperativemood）、虚拟式（Subjunctivemood）5.Non-finiteverbspp.230-1动态形容词（DynamicAdjective）、静态形容词（StativeAdjective）p.251前置修饰语（Premodifier）、p.256悬垂分词（DanglingParticiple）/无依着分词（Unattachedparticiple）、依着法则（Attachmentrule）Lecture7AdjectiveandAdverb（L23-24）1.1Adjective&AdjectivePhrase1.2Adjectiveform1.3Adjectivemeaning8动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词2.1Adverb&AdverbPhrase(AdvP)2.2Advform2.3AdvMeaningp.274修饰性状语（Adjunct）、评注性状语（Disjunct）、连接性状语（Conjunct）Lecture8Degree&ComparativeConstruction（L25）(比较等级和比较结构)91.DegreeformsRegulardegreeformsofAdj&AdvPositive/absolute原级Comparative比较级Superlative最高级Monosyllabic(单音节)Adj&AdvSynthetic(inflectional)综合(屈折)形式Adj-/Adv-erAdj/Adv-estPolysyllabic(多音节)Adj&AdvAnalytic(phrasal)分析(词组)形式moreAdj/AdvmostAdj/AdvDisyllabic(双音节)Adj&AdvSyntheticorAnalyticAdj-/Adv-ermoreAdj/AdvAdj/Adv-estmostAdj/AdvNotes:(1)-ingand-edparticipialAdjtakesmore~&most~(2)Someirregularforms,e.g.,far,good(3)GradableindefiniteDet&Prons:many/much,few,little2.Comparativeconstruction3.GeneralstructureofComparativeconstructionNotes:(1)More(less,fewer)canbeDet.orPron.:10Model2accountedformorevariance…thandidModel1.(Det.)Itappearedinmorethan50%oftherequeste-mails.(Pron.)(2)As&thanareConjorrarelyPrep:Johnistallerthanshe(is)./Johnistallerthanher.E.g.A