新编英语语法教程第6讲

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THELESSON:DETERMINER第六讲:限定词英语的限定词包括:定冠词(DefiniteArticle),不定冠词(IndefiniteArticle),零冠词(ZeroArticle)物主限定词(PossessiveDeterminer):my,your,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its名词属格(GenitiveNoun):John’s,myfriend’s指示限定词(DemonstrativeDeterminer):this,that,these,those,such关系限定词(RelativeDeterminer):whosewhich疑问限定词(InterrogativeDeterminer):what,which,whose不定限定词(IndefiniteDeterminer):no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another基数词(CardinalNumeral)和序数词(OrdinalNumber)倍数词(MultiplicativeNumeral)和分数词(FractionalNumeral)量词(Quantifier):alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamount/quantityof,agreat/large/goodnumberof等。3.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系3.2限定词与限定词的搭配关系3.3若干限定词用法比较(1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如the,some,any,no,other,whose以及my,your等物主限定词和名词属格(John’s,myfriend’s)等能与三类名词搭配。例如:thebookthebooksthemoneymybookmybooksmymoneymyfriend’sbookmyfriend’sboodsmyfriend’smoneyanybookanybooksanymoneysomebooksomebookssomemoneynobooknobooksnomoneytheotherbooktheotherbookstheothermoneywhosebookwhosebookswhosemoney(2)只能与名词单数搭配的限定词有些限定词如a(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha等只能与单数名词搭配。例如:eachworkereverystudenteitherbookneithersentenceanappleonecopyanotherbookmanyabooksuchabook(3)只能与复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如both,two,three,anothertwo/three,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)numberof等只能与复数名词搭配。例如:bothworkers(a)fewwordsseveralstudentsthese/thosebooksanumberofessaystwo/threevisitorsmanystudentsanothertwostudents(4)只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如a(little)bitof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,(a)little,much,less,(the)least等只能与不可数名词搭配。abitofwateralargeamountofmoneymuchnoise(a)littlespacelessoil(the)leastoil(5)能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thenext等既可与单数名词搭配,也可与复数名词搭配。例如:thefirstrosethefirstrosesthelastmanthelastmenthenextmeetingthenextmeetings(6)能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如this,that等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如:this/thatjobthis/thatwork(7)能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词还有些限定词如alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,more,most,such,other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如:alotofbooksalotofmoneylotsofchickenslotsoffoodplentyofchairsplentyofwaterenoughcopiesenoughcoalmorearticlesmoretimemostpeoplemostworksuchmensuchbreadothermenotherbread这一类限定词也可以包括less和(the)least。如前所述,less和least通常只与不可数名词搭配,但在现代英语的非正式语体中,间或也可与复数名词搭配。例如:Lessandlesspeoplecanaffordtogoabroadfortheirholidays.PoliticalprogrammesonTVattracttheleastviewers.在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时,就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置,限定词可分为:(1)中位、前位、后位限定词按照限定词和限定词之间的不同搭配位置,限定词可分为中位限定词(CentralDeterminer)、前位限定词(Predeterminer)和后位限定词(Postdeterminer)。a)中位限定词包括a(n),the,zero;this,that,these,those;my,your,等;Mary’s,myfriend’s;some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;what(ever),which(ever),whose等。b)前位限定词包括all,both,half;double,twice,threetimes等;one-third,two-fifths等;what,such(a/an)等。c)后位限定词包括one,two,three等;first,second,third等;next,last,other,another等;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,plentyof,alotof,lotsof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamountof;such等。(2)三类限定词搭搭配关系如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,其搭配关系总是按照“前位——中位——后卫”的顺序排列。例如:allthefourteachersallyourthreebooks前中后前中后alltheselastfewdays前中后后如果只有上述两类限定词,其搭配关系仍按上述顺序。例如:halfhislecturethoselastfewmonths前中中后后severalhundredguestsallotherstudents后后前后suchamisfortunesomesuchalloy前中中后有上述诸例可以看出,中位限定词和前位限定词之间是相互排斥的,即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。所以,“我的那本书”不是mythatbook而是thatbookofmine,因为my和that同是中位限定词,不可并列。但后位限定词的使用却不受此限制。例如:hislasttwobooksthefirsttwochapters中后后中后后threeothertwogirlstwomoresheets后后后后后个别限定词有跨类现象,如such既属于前位限定词,又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在sucha...和suchan…这样的搭配中属于前位限定词,而在与其他限定词(some,any,no,all,few,another,other,many,one,two等)搭配时,such则是后位限定词,一律放在上述这些限定词的后面,如somesuch,anysuch,nosuch,fewsuch,onesuch等,因此把它归入后位限定词。(1)many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等表示“多”的意思,可用many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agood/greatmany,alargeamountof等。作为限定词many和agood/greatmany之后须跟复数名词:much和alargeamountof之后须跟不可数名词。例如:Manyanimalshavediseases.MuchinformationisnowtransmittedthroughE-mail.Wehaveagreatmanyquestionstodiscussatmeeting.Wearegoingtospendalargeamountofmoneyonchildren’seducation.many,much,agreatmany等既可用作限定词,也可用作不定代词。例如:Haveyoudonealltheseexercises?-No,Ihaven’tdoneverymuch.HasshereadanyEnglishnovelsintheoriginals?-Yes,agreatmany.Hashespentmuchmoneyonthehouse?-Oh,alargeamount.many,much可以带有how/too/so/as...as等修饰语。例如:Iwanttoknowhowmuchmoneywillbespentontheproject.Howmanycopiesdoyouneedforyourclass?Ihave(far)toomanybooksontheshelf.Wehavehadtoomuchraininthespring.It’sreallysurprisingthattheboyshouldhavesomuchstrengthathisage.Youcantakeasmanycopiesasyouneed.(2)(a)few,(a)little表示“少”的意思,可用(a)few,(a)little,既可用作限定词,也可用作不定代词。afew,alittle表示“少量”,带有肯定含义。例如:Let’sinviteafewfriendstocomewithus.Thereareonlyaveryfewleft.Ihadalittledifficultyinsolvingtheproblem.Givemealittleofthatwine.IamtryingtousethelittleFrenchIhavejustlearnt.few/little若不与a连用则表示否定意义,相当于notmany/much,notenough。例如:Ihaveveryfew(chocolates)left.Iunderstandlittleofhisspeech.★要注意,quiteafew,agoodfew,notafew不表示“少”,而表示“相当多”的含义,相当于afairnumber(of)。例如:Quiteafewofusaregettingworried.Youwillhavetowaitagoodfewweeks.little的比较级和最高级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