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2004年英语专八试卷真题及答案PARTⅠLISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONSECTIONATALKLanguageisusedfordoingthings.Peopleuseitineverydayconversationfortransactingbusiness,planningmealsandvacations,debatingpolitics,andgossiping.Teachersuseitforinstructingstudents,andcomediansuseitforamusingaudiences.Alltheseareinstancesoflanguageuse-thatisactivitiesinwhichpeopledothingswithlanguage.Aswecansee,languageuseisreallyaformofjointaction.Whatisjointaction?Ithinkitisanactionthatiscarriedoutbyagroupofpeopledoingthingsincoordinationwitheachother.Assimpleexamples,thinkoftwopeoplewaltzing,orplayingapianoduet.Whentwodancerswaltz,theyeachmovearoundtheballroominaspecialway.Butwaltzingisdifferentfromthesumoftheirindividualactions.Canyouimaginethesetwodancersdoingthesamesteps,butinseparaterooms,oratseparatetimes?Sowaltzingis,infact,thejointactionthatemergesasthetwodancersdotheirindividualstepsincoordination,asacouple.Similarly,doingthingswithlanguageisalsodifferentfromthesumofthespeakerspeakingandthelistenerlistening.Itisthejointactionthatemergeswhenspeakersandlisteners,orwritersandreaders,performtheirindividualactionsincoordination,asensembles.Therefore,wecansaythatlanguageuseincorporatesbothindividualandsocialprocesses.Speakersandlisteners,writersandreaders,mustcarryoutactionsasindividuals,iftheyaretosucceedintheiruseoflanguage.ButtheymustalsoworktogetherasparticipantsinthesocialunitsIhavecalledensembles.IntheexampleImentionedjustnow,thetwodancersperformbothindividualactions,movingtheirbodies,arms,andlegs,andjointactions,coordinatingthesemovements,astheycreatethewaltz.Inthepast,languageusehasbeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyanindividualprocess.Andithasalsobeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyasocialprocess.Forme,Isuggestthatitbelongstoboth.Wecannothopetounderstandlanguageusewithoutviewingitasjointactionsbuiltonindividualactions.Inordertoexplainhowalltheseactionswork,I'dliketoreviewbrieflysettingsoflanguageuse.Bysettings,Imeanthesceneinwhichlanguageusetakesplace,plusthemedium-whichreferstowhetherlanguageuseisspokenorwritten.Andinthistalk,I'llfocusonspokensettings.Thespokensettingmentionedmostoftenisconversation-eitherfacetoface,oronthetelephone.Conversationsmaybedevotedtogossip,businesstransactionsorscientificmatters,butthey'reallcharacterizedbythefreeexchangeoftermsamongthetwoparticipants.I'llcallthesepersonalsettings.ThenwehavewhatIwouldcallnonpersonalsettings.Atypicalexampleisthemonologue.Inmonologues,onepersonspeakswithlittleornoopportunityforinterruption,orturnsbymembersoftheaudience.Monologuescomeinmanyvarietiestoo,asaprofessorlecturestoaclass,orastudentgivingapresentationtoaseminar.Thesepeoplespeakforthemselves,utteringwordstheyformulatedthemselvesfortheaudiencebeforethem,andtheaudienceisn'texpectedtointerrupt.Inanotherkindofsettingwhicharecalledinstitutionalsettings,theparticipantsengageinspeechexchangesthatlooklikeordinaryconversation,buttheyarelimitedbyinstitutionalrules.Asexamples,wecanthinkofagovernmentofficialholdinganewsconference,alawyercrossingawitnessincourt,oraprofessordirectingaseminardiscussion.Inthesesettings,whatissaidismoreorlessspontaneous,eventhoughturnsatspeakingareallocatedbyaleader,orarerestrictedinotherways.Thepersonspeakingisn'talwaystheonewhoseintentionsarebeingexpressed.Wehavetheclearestexamplesinfictionalsettings.VivianLeighplaysScarlettO'HarainGonewiththeWind,FrankSinatrasingsalovesonginfrontofaliveaudience,thespeakersareeachvocalizingwordscomposedbysomeoneelse-forinstanceaplaywrightoracomposer-andareopenlypretendingtobeexpressingopinionsthataren'tnecessarilytheirown.Finallythereareprivatesettingswhenpeoplespeakforthemselveswithoutactuallyaddressinganyoneelse,forexample,Imightexplainsilentlytomyself,ortalktomyselfaboutsolvingaresearchproblem,orrehearsingwhatI'mabouttosayinaseminartomorrow.WhatIsayisn'tintendedtoberecognizedbyotherpeople,itisonlyofusetomyself.Thesearethefeaturesofprivatesettings.SECTIONBTALKW:Goodevening,I'mNancyJohnson.TheguestonourradiotalkthiseveningisProfessorWangGongwu.Hello,ProfessorWang.M:Hello.W:ProfessorWang,you'renowprofessoremeritusofAustraliaNationalUniversity,andinyourlongacademiccareer,you'vewornmanyhatsastutor,lecturer,departmenthead,dean,professor,andvicechancellor.However,asIknow,you'restillveryfondofyouruniversitydaysasastudent.M:That'sright.Thatwasin1949.TheuniversitythatIwenttowasabrandtime.WhenIlookback,itwasanamazinglysmalluniversity,andwekneweverybody.W:Howdidthestudentslikeyou,forexample,studythen?M:Wedidn'tstudyveryhard,becausewedidn'thaveto.Wedidn'thaveallthisfantasticcompetitionthatyouhavetoday.Mmm.WewerealwaysmadetofeelthatgettingafirstdegreeintheArtsfacultywasnotpreparationforaprofession.Itwasageneraleducation.Wewerenotunderanypressuretodecideonourcareers,andwehadsuchagoodtime.Wewereleftverymuchonourown,andwewereencouragedtomakethingshappen.W:Whatdoyouseeasthemoststrikingdifferenceinuniversityeducationsincethen?M:Universityeducationhaschangeddramaticallysincethosedays.Thingsareveryspecializedtoday.W:Yes,definitelyso.And,inyoursubsequentcareerexperienceasaneducatorandlateradministratorinvar