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———定语从句一(关系代词的用法)一.定语从句概念1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词。关系词有关系________:有______,_______,______,_______,_________,_______等；关系________:有______,_______,______等。关系词常有3个作用：①引导定语从句。②代替先行词。③在定语从句中充当一个成分。注意：根据先行词与定语从句之间有无逗号隔开，定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明删除后意思仍完整译法翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…”通常翻译成主句的并列句限制性定语从句举例：(1)TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.(2)Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.非限制性定语从句举例：(1)Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.(2)China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）(2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）二.引导定语从句的关系代词1.who指______，在从句中充当_________(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.(3)InthemeetingIsawMr.SmithwhoImetinmybirthdayparty.2.whom指_______，在定语从句中充当_______，常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.———(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3.which指______，在定语从句中做______或者_______，做_______时可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时，相当于______或者_______；指物时，相当于_______。在定语从句中做______或者_______，做_______时可省略。(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做________(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroom,thedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroom,ofwhichthedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.【详细讲解】Ⅰ.关系代词that和which的用法(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况:1．当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等不定代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.2.当先行词被序数词修饰(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.当形容词被thevery,theonly,just修饰时(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时———(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?(二)当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况:1.在非限制性定语从句中，只用which(1)Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,whichmadetheothersenvyhim.(2)Healwaysstaysathomeatweekend,whichhisbrotherthinksisunbelievable.2.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which(1)ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。(2)Thisisthepenwhich(/that)I’mlookingfor.(三)关系代词who,whom和whose的用法1.先行词指人，在从句中作主语时，用who；(1)Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.2.当先行词为those时，用who；(2)Thosewhowilljoininmybirthdaypartyaremybestfriends.3.在Therebe句型中主语作为先行词指人时，用who；(3)Thereisagreatmanwhosavedhiscountrywithhispartners.4.先行词指人，在从句中作宾语时，可以用whom和who；(4)That’sthegirlwhom/who/thatIteach.5.在定语从句中做定语时，用whose。(5)Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.(6)Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.Ⅱ.关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。(一)引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：1.such+名词+as…像……一样的，像……之类的thesame+名词+as…和……同样的其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。(1)Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(2)Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.———(3)Heisnotthesamemanashewastenyearsago.注意：such…as…引导的定语从句与such…that…引导的状语从句的区别：(1)Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.(2)Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.2.…suchas…such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”；as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。(1)ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句的区别as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1．as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；as有“正如……，正像……”的意思which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。意为“这一点”。(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which；(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.当非限制性定语从句的宾语是一个复合结构时，只能用which。(6)Bettyalwaystellsalie,whichherparentsfindstrange.3.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，常用as(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行次由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。———专项练习1用that,which,who,whom,whose,as填空1.Isthereanything________youdon’tunderstandabouttheproblem?2.Allthepresents_________yourfriendsgaveyouonyourbirthdayshouldbeputaway.3.Thenumberofpeople________losthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.4.Hewaslatefortheopeningceremon