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Unit1TheRootsofChemistryI.Comprehension.1.ItcanbeinferredfromthisarticlewhichoneofthefollowingitemsisnotmainlybasedonpracticaluseC.Greekchemistry2.ItwasB.Empedoclesswhofirstintroducedtheideathatallthingsarenotformedfromjustoneelement.3.InthedevelopmentofGreekchemistry,D.Democrituswasthefirstonedefinitingtheultimatelyconstituentsofmatter?4.AccordingtoPlato,thereareB.4“elements”whosefacesareconstitutedbyregularpolygons.5.Inthelastparagraph,authorsthinkthatexperimentDD.candealwiththereactionsbywhichonesubstanceisconvertedintoanotherII.Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompoundisusuallyamatterofconsiderabledifficulty,anditisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose.2.Scienceisanever-increasingbodyofaccumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalsoanactivitybywhichknowledgeisgenerated.3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry,infact,asmallexampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet.4.Peoplearemadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeoplearerathersimplewhereasothersarehighlycomplex.5.Chemistryiseverpresentinourlivesfrombirthtodeathbecausewithoutchemistrythereisneitherlifenordeath.6.Mathematicsappearstobealmostashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhumanlife,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyawareofthis.III.Translation.1.(a)化学过程；(b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术(a)chemicalprocess(b)naturalscience(c)thetechniqueofdistillation2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandsoon.3.化学具有悠久的历史，事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到无记录时代以前Chemistryhasaverylonghistory,infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.4.根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体Accordingtotheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/changeintogasesundercertainconditions/circumstance/environment.5.在你使用这种材料之前，你必须弄清它的各种性质Youmustmakesurethepropertiesofthematerialbeforeyouuseit.IV.Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。Unit4DinkingWaterQualityAndHealth1.Theuniquenessofthecompound’sstructureisA.necessarytolearningitssynthesisanditsapplication.2.ThestructureB.conversationofthismoleculeleadstoitsvarioususage3.ThereisawiderangeofcompoundsattracelevelsthatcannotbethoroughlyD.eliminatedfromthewater4.What’sthemainideaofthistext?DD.Watercarriesmanychemicalcomponentsthatresultinvariousdiseases5.Whathappenswhenpeopleareexposedtolowconcentrationsofchemicalconstituents?CC.Theywillbesickoveralongtime,sometimesalifelongtime6.Whatkindofevidenceshowsthatchemicalsindrinkingeffecthumanhealth?CC.Thoughnoclearevidence,therearereallysomeprecautionsforit7.WhichorganizationdoestheEuropeanUnionispreferredtofollowitslegislationonminimumdrinkingwaterquality?A.W.H.O8.What’sthereasonthatledisstilladangertoman’shealth?DD.Althoughleadisseldomusednow,therestillexistmanyolderleadpropertiesinuse9.Thereisnoevidencethatnitrate-containedwaterwillcausegastriccancer,becauseAA.theincreaseinnitratelevelsometimeresulttoadecreaseingastriccancerrates1.Somechemicalsareaccumulatedinthebodiesofcertainorganisms,concentrationsofthemreflectingenvironmentalpollutionlevelsovertime2.Nonyl-phenolsweresuspectedofstimulatingvitellogeninproductioninthetrout3.Clearly,somechemicalintheeffluentwasbehavinglikeafemalehormoneandthefishprovidedanearlywarningofapotentialproblemrequiringurgentinvestigation4.Thiscompoundisnormallyproducesintheliveroffemalefishinresponsetothehormoneoestradiolandisincorporatedintotheyolkofdevelopingeggs5.Theamountofchangeinthecommunitywillberelatedtotheseverityoftheincident6.thedefinitionofpollutiongivenaboveincludestheadverseeffectsonlivingresourcesandecologicalsystemssothatimpactsneedquantifying7.Themeasuredquantitiescanthenbecomparedwithstandardsofallowableconcentrations8.Waterpollutioncanbedefinedastheintroductionbymanintotheenvironmentofsubstancesorenergyliabletocausehazardstohealth,harmtolivingresourcesandecologicalsystems,damagetostructureoramenity,orinterferencein/withlegitimateusesoftheenvironment9.Howpeopledesigncomputergameisbeyondme10.Anyonewithanannualincomeofunder5000maybeeligibletoapply1.饮水中毒的例子有时是触目惊心的Thecaseofwaterpoisoningissometimesshocking2.生物耗氧量的定义是与1L废水中的还原剂作用所需的氧气质量Biologicaloxygendemandisdefinedwith1Lwaterreducingagentintheroleoftheoxygenrequiredquality3.人体中大部分的水是喝进去的，但是相当一部分来自食物，还有相当一部分水是人体对食物中的氢原子进行氧化时生成的Thebodymostofthewateristodrinkit,butratherpartfromfood,thereisaconsiderableportionofwateristhebodyofthefoodinthehydrogenoxidationisgeneratedwhenthe4.但是应该清醒地认识到即使是最先进的检测方法也有可能放过一些会产生新的意想不到的后果的有害物质Howeveritshouldbesoberlyawareofeventhemostadvanceddetectionmethodsalsohavethepotentialtobeletoffsomewillproducenewbeatalltheconsequencesofhazardoussubstance5.这种疾病称为正铁血红蛋白症，是婴儿紫绀综合征的病因之一——婴儿的水分和氧气需要量很大，而由于亚硝酸盐的存在，他们的血红蛋白值却很低Thediseaseknownasmethemoglobinemiadisease,isoneofthecausesofbluebabysyndrome--babymoistureandoxygeningreatdemand,andasaresultofnitritepresence,theirhemoglobinvalueisverylow一个主要来源的有机污染废水的污水处理工程。在英国，这种废水是，作为最低要求，满足了皇家委员会的标准，允许不超过30毫克/升的悬浮物和20毫克/升的生化需氧量（一个30:20污水稀释）。至少八体积的