初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义语篇学语法——从句IarrivedinLondononafoggyday,togotoaveryimportantmeeting.Theplace①wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasontheothersideofthetown.Alltrafficcametoastop②becausethedriverswerenotabletoseemorethanayardinfrontofthem.Themeetingwouldbeginat9:00,soIdecidedtogothereonfoot.Minuteslater,Iwascompletelylost.Istoodthereandthought③thatIwouldhavetophonetothemeetingtoexplain④thatIwasnotabletoarrivethereontime.ThenIheardayoungman’svoicecomingoutofthefog,“Isuppose⑤youarelost.CanIhelpyou?”Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥whocouldtakemetothemeeting.AfterwardItoldhim⑦whereIwantedtogo,tookhisarm,andwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turningcornersandcrossingroads.⑧AsIfollowedhimthroughthedarkstreets,Iwondered⑨whyhefoundhiswaysoeasily.“IknowthispartofLondonquitewell,”hesaid.“Butinsuchafogit’simpossibletoseeanything,”Isaid.“Iamblind,sir.”heanswered,“Inthefog,itisexactlythesameformeasusual.”在英语语法中,按照句子结构,英语句子主要可以分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。1.简单句:最基本的句子类型,一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。Eg:Myunclegivesmeacamera.2.并列句:由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的,通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上的句子,Eg:Jimwenttothepartylastnight,buthiswifedidn’t..Studyhardandyouwillmakeprogress.3.复合句:由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句(从句有相应的连词引导)组成的句子。因此,复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构(完整的句子),句子与句子之间用连接词连接。其中,主句部分可以独立存在,但从句担当了主句某一句子成分,故通常不能独立存在。根据从句在句子中充当的成分,可以将其分为6类,即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。※从句的本质:名词性从句1.主语从句:,而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。eg:(1)Whatyouneedismorepractice.(2)Whenthemeetingwillbeheldhasnotbeenannounced.(3)Thathewillnotattendthemeetingisclear.(4)Whetheritwilldousharmorgoodisunknown.注:有时,为了避免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻,通常用代词it做形式主语,而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。例如:(1)Itisclearthathewillnotattendthemeeting.(2)Itisunknownwhetheritwilldousharmorgood.主语从句引导词:①连词that(在从句中不担任成分,本身没有词义),②连词whether(意思是“是否”)③连接代词what,whatever,who,whoever,which等引导,④连接副词when,where,how,why等引导。2.表语从句:。跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。eg:(1)ThatiswhatIwanttosay.(what在从句中充当,不能省略)(2)Myopinionisthatweshouldmakeadecisionrightnow.(that只引导,本身无词义,在从句中也不充当任何句子成分,可以省略)(3)Theproblemiswhoshouldberesponsibleforthiscaraccident.(who在从句中当,不能省略)(4)WhatIwanttoknow(从句)iswhoisinchargeofthework(从句).(用于引导从句的what和引导从句的who都不能省略)(5)Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.(looks是系动词)3.宾语从句:,在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语。引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样,是that,whether(if),who,whoever,which,when,where,how,why,what,whatever等。例如本文中出现的几个宾语从句:(1)Istoodthereandthought③thatIwouldhavetophonetothemeetingtoexplain④thatIwasnotabletoarrivethereontime.第③句是thought的宾语从句,第④句是explain的宾语从句。(2)Isuppose⑤youarelost.(这是suppose的宾语从句,省略了that).(3)AfterwardItoldhim⑦whereIwantedtogo,tookhisarm,andwestarted.(这是told的宾语从句,充当间接宾语,引导词where在从句中充当状语)(4)Iwondered⑨whyhefoundhiswaysoeasily.(wondered的宾从,why在从句中充当状语)另外:宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外,还可以跟在介词的后面,充当介词的宾语。Eg:Yourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattherearesomespellingmistakes.(充当介词except的宾语)Whatweshouldtakewithus(主语从句)dependsonwherewe’llstay.(充当介词on的宾语)在使用宾语从句时,要注意:1)宾语从句的时态①当主句是过去时的某种时态时,从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态。Eg:TheteacheraskedhimwhetherhehadstudiedEnglishfor6years.②但如果主句是现在的时态,则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而定。Eg:Iamgladthatyoupassedtheexam.2)that在引导宾语从句通常都省略,如上文中的第⑤句。3)如果主句中it做形式宾语,而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时,that不能省略。Eg:Manystudentstakeitforgrantedthattheirparentsshoulddoeverythingforthem.(it是形式宾语,that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语,不能省略that)形容词性从句5.定语从句:。在全句中相当于形容词,用来修饰先行词(即被定语从句修饰的词)——名词或代词,或修饰整个主句。定语从句属于非独立性从句,本身不能独立存在,应该紧跟在它的先行词之后。根据与先行词之间关系的密切程度,定语从句分为两类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。由关系代词(who,whom,whose,which,that,as)或关系副词(when,where,why)引导的从句,限制性定语从句:与先行词的关系密切,如果将定语从句删掉,那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清,另外,限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。如上文中:Theplace①wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasontheothersideofthetown.Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥whocouldtakemetothemeeting.非限制性定语从句:对先行词做进一步的解释或说明,如果删除掉,不影响整个句子的基本意思,通常用逗号与主句部分分开。例如:(1)Astudent,whosenameIdon’tknow,comestoseeyou.(2)TheywillflytoLondon,wheretheyplantostayforaweek.(3)Tomdidn’tpassthemathsexam,whichmadehisparentsangry.(4)OneofthemostsenicareasistheLoireValley,whereyoucanvisittheoldcastlesinwhichthekingsandqueensofFranceusedtolive.分析:在上文第①句Theplace①wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasontheothersideofthetown.中,主句部分是Theplacewasontheothersideofthetown.由关系副词where引导的从句wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheld是表示地点的先行词theplace的定语,引导词where在从句中充当地点状语,相当于intheplace。注1:需要注意的是,当先行词是表示地点的名词时,引导词可以是关系代词that或which,但有时也用关系副词where。例如:(1)Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.(2)ThisistheplacewhereIonceworked.具体区别在于:引导词that或which是关系代词,在从句中要充当主语或宾语。在第(1)句中,which/that在定语从句中相当于做的语;而引导词where是关系副词,在定语从句中只能担当状语,如第(2)句中,where做的语,相当于,从句可以理解为:.注2:另外,当先行词是表示时间的名词时,定语从句的引导词同样可以是that或which,有时也用when,其区别也是如此:that/which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,而关系副词when则在所引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。例如:(1)Weoftenthinkofthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherontheisland.(2)Weoftenthinkofthedayswhenweworkedtogetherinthetown.虽然这两个句子的先行词都是thedays,但是在第一句中,which/that相当于,在定语从句中做谓语动词的语;在第二句中,when相当于,,在定语从句中做语:还有一个关系副词why可以用于引导限制性定语从句,其先行词只能是reason,why指原因,在定语从句中只能做原因状语。例如:ThereasonwhyIwaslatefortheclasswasthatImissedthebus.在上文的第⑥句中:Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥whocouldtakemetothemeeting.主句部分是Iwasverygladtohaveaman,定语从句是由关系代词who引导的,其先行词是aman。当先行词是人时,其定语从句的引导词可以是who,whom,也可以是that。例如:Whereistheman(who/whom/that)Isawyesterday.用于引导定语从句中引导词还有关系代词whom,whose,which和as,其具体用法如下:1.whom:先行词必须是人,whom在定语从句中