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一.殖民时期的美国:ColonialAmerica17c早——18c末1.从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。2.另一类为清教作品PhilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“FatherofAmericanPoetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism:清教主义AmericanPuritanisminfluencesonAmericanliterature:1.Idealismandoptimism理想主义和乐观主义2.Symbolism象征主义3.Simplicity.简洁1.Edwards爱德华兹：thefirstmodernAmericancanthecountry’slastmedievalman.“thecurrentofTranscendentalism,originatinginthepietyofthePuritans,vecomingaphilosophyinJonathanEdwards,passingthroughEmerson.”超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生2.Franklin富兰克林AraregeniusinhumanhistoryJackofalltrades(杂家)1)HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheU.S.:①TheDeclarationofIndependence②TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance美法同盟条约①TheTreatyofPeacewithEnglan英美和平条约④Constitution2)HisclaimtoaplaceinliteraturerestschieflyonhisPoorRichard’sAlmanac(P34几句名言看)andAutobiography.wasthefirstofitskindinliterature.(文学史上该类作品开山之作)revealthepatternofPuritan:simplicity,directness,concision.(简单、直接、明朗)Edwards&Franklin:EdwardsrepresentstheupperlevelsoftheAmericanmind.1.不同点Franklinrepresentsthelowerlevers.Traditionofreligiousidealism理想主义的宗教信仰2theAmericanPuritanismisatwofacetedthelevelheadedcommonsense—明智冷静的判断力F3.TheonewasasagoodPuritanastheother.两人均是虔诚的宗教徒AmericanRomanticism:浪漫主义1.Irving欧文：美国第一个获得国际声誉的浪漫主义作家①ThefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.②ThefatherofAmericanliterature.RipVanWinkleTheSketchBook见闻札记TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡觉的传说TheSketchBook见闻札记1).TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliterature开创美国短片小说先河2).TheSketchBookalsomarkedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism标志着浪漫主义的开始IrvingstoriesareamongthebestofAmericanshortstories美国短篇小说之最Irving’scharecters:a.Irving’sstylecanbedescribedasbeautiful.Itisimitative,buthewasahightlyskillfulwriterb.Heavoidsmoralizingasmuchaspossible尽量避免说教c.Heisgoodatenvelopinghisstoriesinanatmosphere.擅长将故事在一个内涵丰富的环境下展开d.Hischaractersarevividandtrue生动，真实Hewasoneofthemakersofthenewnation.Lightning-rodfiredepartment-streetlighting-bifocalclassese.Humorf.Thefinishedandmusicallanguage音乐般优美的语言2.Cooper库珀1).HewasoneofthefirstauthorstowriteabouttheAmericanWestwardmovement.2).“LeatherstockingTales”《皮袜子故事集》主人公NattyBunppoThePioneers《拓荒者》TheLastoftheMohicans《最后的莫西干人》Theprairie《大草原》ThePathfinder《探鹿者》TheDeerslayer《猎鹿者》3)Hewasamythicwriter.Andhewasgoodatinventingplots.神话作家，编造故事的能力Thegreatnessofcooper1.HecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodofAmericannation创造美国格式时代的神话2.HewrotewithincreasingawarenessoftheimportancetofictionoftheWesternFrontier.3.Hewasatoncedevotedtoprinciplesofsocialorderandresponsivetotheideaofnatureandfreedomintheeilderness.他马上接受了新的社会规则，对自然和子偶的理念做出了回应4.Heisamythicwriterandgoodatinventingplots.NewEnglandTranscendentalism:超验主义DefinitionAuthors:Emerson&Thoreau;Hawthorne&Melville;Whiteman&Dickenson;AllenPoe1.Emerson：强调“oversoul”(超灵)作品：1.Nature2.TheAmericanScholar3.Self-relianceNatureregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism新英格兰超验主义的圣经TheAmericanScholarregardedasAmerican’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceEmerson’s文艺观点optimistic1）Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.Itshouldserveasamoralpurificationandapassagetowardorganicunityandhigherreality真正的诗歌和艺术是高贵的，是为净化灵魂使之达到有机统一儿通向更高的现实而服务的2）Emersonplacesemphasisonideas,symbols,andimaginativewords.他注重信念，象征和有想象力的词语3）Astotheme,emersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericawhichwastohimalongpoeminitself,tocelebratethelifeoftoday.他号召美国作家为美国和今天的生活写作，对他来说，美国本身就是一首长诗Emerson’s写作特点Heplacedemphasisonspiritortheoversoul,whichisthemostimportantthingintheuniversityHestressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.HeregardedNatureasthesymbolofspirit.Emerson’simportanceintheintellectualhistoryofAmericaliesinthefactthathemakethenationhaveitsownfeature.标志着美国文化有了自己的地位，特色2.Thoreau梭罗强调“nature”Hismasterpiece,Walden,isthefirstandforemost,isthebookonself-cultureandhumanperfectibility.最重要的，这是一本关于自我修养与完善的书。Itisaboutman.Whatheis,whatheshouldbeandmustbe.这本书是关于什么是人，他应该怎样做，必须怎么做的Hawthorne,Melville&DickensonwerethethreegreatAmericanauthorsofthe19cwhohadnocontemporaryreadersandyetbecamegreatin20c是美19c三个没有同时代读者，知道20c才备受好评的作家Hawthorne霍桑：darkromantic悲剧式人文主义TheScarletLetter《红字》novelYoungGoodmanBrown《好人布朗》shortstoryTheHouseofSevenGables七个尖角阁的房子YoungGoodmanBrown中的象征1）Hiswife’sname“Faith”:a.thestrongrelifiousbeliefeb.italsomeansBrownlivedwith“faith”everyday2）Hisname“GoodmanBrown”:“Goodman”couldmean“farmer”,and“Brown”isaverycommonname.“YoungGoodmanBrown”:averycommonyoungfarmer.3）Forest:Theevilofinternalworldofeverybody.4）Sky,stars:HeavenandconnectionwithGod.5）Colors:White-purityRed-sinBrown-thesymbolofcommonpeople(neutralcolor)Melville悲观主义悲剧式人文主义tragichumanismMobyDick1)Typee«泰皮»2)Omoo«欧穆»fromhisadventuresamongthepeopleoftheSouthPacificislands3)Mardi«玛地»4)Redburn«雷得本»anaccountofhisvoyagetoEngland5)WhiteJacket«白外衣»hislifeonaUnitedStatesman-of-warClarelapoem3.Whitman惠特曼:thefatheroftreeverse自由体之父LeavesofGrass《草叶集》SongofMyself《自我之歌》whenlilacslastintheDooryard,Bloom当最后的丁香花开满园时为林肯而作OhCaptain,Mycaptin为林肯而作4.Dickson狄金森从“个人内心”角度地方短WildNightsWhiteman&DickinsonwereAmericanpoetsinthemeandtechnique5.AllanPoe艾伦·坡TheRaven《乌鸦》LiteraryPositionThefatherofm