2017年下半年英语三级笔译实务试题Itwasjustonewordinoneemail,butittriggeredhugefinanciallossesforamultinationalcompany.区区电子邮件里的一个单词,导致一家跨国公司遭受巨大经济损失。Themessage,writteninEnglish,wassentbyanativespeakertoacolleagueforwhomEnglishwasasecondlanguage.Unsureoftheword,therecipientfoundtwocontradictorymeaningsinhisdictionary.Heactedonthewrongone.这封电子邮件是由一位英语母语人士用英语所写,而邮件接收人则是一位以英语为第二语言的同事。该同事收到邮件后,发现该单词在字典里有两个截然相反的意思,他拿捏不准,并最终选择了那个错误的意思。Monthslater,seniormanagementinvestigatedwhytheprojecthadflopped,costinghundredsofthousandsofdollars.“Italltracedbacktothisoneword,”saysChiaSuanChong,aUK-basedcommunicationsskillsandinterculturaltrainer,whodidn'trevealthetrickywordbecauseitishighlyindustry-specificandpossiblyidentifiable.“Thingsspiralledoutofcontrolbecausebothpartieswerethinkingtheopposite.”数月过去,该跨国公司的高管开始调查这个项目失败并损失几十万美元的原因。谢宣童(ChiaSuanChong)是一名交流技能和跨文化培训师,供职于一家总部设在英国的机构,她说:“所有的调查线索最终指向这个单词”。谢宣童没有透露具体这个单词,因为该单词是某行业专用词汇,透露该单词可能暴露这家跨国公司的身份。她还说:“由于双方的理解截然相反,事件不断升级,最终失控。”Whensuchmisunderstandingshappen,it’susuallythenativespeakerswhoaretoblame.Ironically,theyareworseatdeliveringtheirmessagethanpeoplewhospeakEnglishasasecondorthirdlanguage,accordingtoChong.出现此类误解,责任在于英语母语人士。谢宣童认为,耐人寻味的是,英语母语人士在传递信息方面比以英语为第二语言或第三语言的人士要糟糕。AlotofnativespeakersarehappythatEnglishhasbecometheworld’sgloballanguage.Theyfeeltheydon’thavetospendtimelearninganotherlanguage,”saysChong.谢宣童说:“众多英语母语人士对于英语成为世界通用语感到窃喜,因为他们觉得这省去了学习其他语言的麻烦。”Thenon-nativespeakers,itturnsout,speakmorepurposefullyandcarefully,typicalofsomeonespeakingasecondorthirdlanguage.Anglophones,ontheotherhand,oftentalktoofastforotherstofollow,andusejokes,slangandreferencesspecifictotheirownculture,saysChong.谢宣童说,事实上,非英语母语人士,特别是会讲第二语言或者第三语言的人士,在传递信息时更加谨慎、目的性更强,而英语母语人士在讲话时通常语速过快导致别人听不懂,并且他们话语中还夹杂着笑话、俚语及自己文化特有的事物。“ThenativeEnglishspeaker…istheonlyonewhomightnotfeeltheneedtoaccommodateoradapttotheothers,”sheadds.谢宣童补充说:“唯有……英语母语人士认为没必要体谅对方或为对方着想。”Withnon-nativeEnglishspeakersinthemajorityworldwide,it’sAnglophoneswhomayneedtouptheirgame.由于世界上非英语母语人士居多,所以英语母语人士该停止那套旧做法。“Nativespeakersareatadisadvantagewhenyouareinalinguafrancasituation,”whereEnglishisbeingusedasacommondenominator,saysJenniferJenkins,professorofglobalEnglishesattheUK’sUniversityofSouthampton.“It’sthenativeEnglishspeakersthatarehavingdifficultyunderstandingandmakingthemselvesunderstood.”詹尼弗·詹金斯(JenniferJenkins)是英国南安普敦大学的全球英语教授,她说:“母语各不相同的人士在一起采用英语为通用语进行沟通时,英语母语人士处于不利的境地,这是因为英语母语人士在理解其他人讲的英语方面存在障碍,而其他人在理解英语母语人士的英语方面也同样存在障碍。”Non-nativespeakersgenerallyusemorelimitedvocabularyandsimplerexpressions,withoutflowerylanguageorslang.Andthenthere’sculturalstyle,Blattnersays.WhenaBritreactstoaproposalbysaying,“That’sinteresting”afellowBritmightrecognisethisasunderstatementfor,“That’srubbish.”Butothernationalitieswouldtaketheword“interesting”onfacevalue,hesays.非英语母语人士在讲英语时,通常使用数量有限的词汇和简单的表达方式,不花哨,也不夹带俚语。此外,还有文化因素,布拉特纳(Blattner)说。一个英国人在评论一项提议时说“That’sinteresting”(“蛮有趣”),此时,另一个英国人会把这句话把理解为“太垃圾”的含蓄说法,而其他国家的人则只会取“interesting”(有趣)的字面意思进行理解。“EnglishspeakerswithnootherlanguageoftenhavealackofawarenessofhowtospeakEnglishinternationally.”“不会讲其他语言的英语母语人士在讲英语时,通常缺乏国际意识。”InBerlin,CoultersawGermanstaffofaFortune500companybeingbriefedfromtheirCalifornianHQviavideolink.DespitebeingcompetentinEnglish,theGermansgleanedonlythegistofwhattheirAmericanprojectleadersaid.Soamongthemselvestheycameupwithanagreedversion,whichmightormightnothavebeenwhatwasintendedbytheCaliforniastaff.科尔特(Coulter)在柏林看见一家世界500强公司的德国员工通过视频连线听取加州总部的情况通报。德国员工虽然英语不错,但只留心美国项目领导讲话的要旨。对于该情况通报,德国员工内部达成一致意见,而这个意见与加州项目领导的意思可能相同或者可能相左。“Toomanynon-Anglophones,especiallytheAsiansandtheFrench,aretooconcernedaboutnot‘losingface’—andnodapprovinglywhilenotgettingthemessageatall,”hesays.科尔特说:“太多非英语母语人士,特别是亚裔人士和法国人,他们由于太怕‘丢面子’而只会点头赞同,实际上却一点都没听懂。”That’swhyNerrieredevisedGlobish—adistilledformofEnglish,strippeddownto1,500wordsandsimplebutstandardgrammar.“It’snotalanguage,it’satool,”hesays.SincelaunchingGlobishin2004he’ssoldmorethan200,000Globishtextbooksin18languages.有鉴于此,奈易耶(Nerriere)发明了全球化英语(Globish),这是一种简洁英语,将英语词汇限制在1500字左右,并采用简单、标准的语法。奈易耶说:“全球化英语不是一种语言,而是一种工具。”自2004年推出全球化英语以来,用18种语言编写的全球化英语教材销量逾20万册。“Ifyoucancommunicateefficientlywithlimited,simplelanguageyousavetime,avoidmisinterpretationandyoudon’thaveerrorsincommunication,”Nerrieresays.奈易耶说:“能用有限的词汇、简单的语言进行高效沟通,既节省时间,又避免误解,消除了沟通中的错误。”WhentryingtocommunicateinEnglishwithagroupofpeoplewithvaryinglevelsoffluency,it’simportanttobereceptiveandadaptable,tuningyourearsintoawholerangeofdifferentwaysofusingEnglish,Jenkinssays.詹金斯说,在与一群英语流利程度不一的人士用英语进行沟通时,保持包容和体谅,并接受各种各样的英语表达方法,这很重要。“Peoplewho’velearnedotherlanguagesaregoodatdoingthat,butnativespeakersofEnglishgenerallyaremonolingualandnotverygoodattuningintolanguagevariation,”shesays.詹金斯说:“学习了其他语言的人士在这点上就做的很好,而英语母语人士通常只会英语这个单一语言,他们不大适应英语的其他变种。”Inmeetings,Anglophonestendtospeedalongatwhattheyconsideranormalpace,andalsorushtofillgapsinconversation,accordingtoSteggles.斯戴格尔斯(Steggles)认为,英语母语人士在开会时倾向于按自己认为正常的语速说话,在对话中则急于传递信息。Herecommendsmakingthesamepointinacoupleofdifferentwaysandaskingforsomeacknowledgement,reactionoraction.