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2018法大校考英语内部资料（请勿外传）英语公共英语部分PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese:将以下文章翻译成汉语1、Critics（批评者）ofearlyschoolingcite（引用）researchthatquestionswhether4-year-oldchildrenarereadytotake（接受）onformallearning.Educatorsfindthatoldertoddler（幼儿）saremorelikelytosucceedduringtheirschoolcareers,whereastheiryoungercounterparts（同伴）aremorelikelytofail.Kindergarten（幼儿园）childrenwhoturnfiveduringthelatterhalfoftheyearseemtobeatadisadvantage（处于劣势）whenitcomestophysical,emotional,social,andintellectualdevelopment早教的批评者引用了一个关于四岁左右的儿童能否接受正式教育的研究。教育工作者们发现，年长的儿童更有可能在求学生涯中获得成功，与此同时，比他们年幼的同学们更容易失败。那些再过半年即将五岁的幼儿园儿童似乎在身体、情感、社会和智力发展方面处于劣势。Additionally（另外）,childrenwhoarenearlysixwhentheyenterkindergartentendto（倾向于）receivebettergrades（更好的成绩）andscorehigher（得分更高）onachievementteststhroughouttheirschoolingexperiencethandothosewhobeginkindergartenhavingjustturnedfive.此外，那些六岁左右进入幼儿园的儿童往往能够比五岁进入幼儿园的儿童取得更好的成绩，凭借他们的学习经验也在期末测试中获得更高的分数。Beingbrightandverbally（口头的）skillfulandbeingreadyforschooldonotseemtobethesamething.Itiseasytoconfusethesuperficil（表面）poise（成熟）andsophisticationofmanyoftoday’schildrenwithinnermaturity（内在成熟）.变得聪明、口齿伶俐和为上学做好准备似乎不是一件相同的事情。人们很容易混淆现在儿童们外表的成熟稳重和内心的成熟。Indeed,evidencesuggeststhatearlyschoolingboomerangs（自食其果）:Youngsterswhoseparentspushthemtoattainacademicsuccessinpreschoolarelesscreative,havemoreanxietyabouttests,and,bytheendofkindergarten,failtomaintaintheirinitialacademicadvantageovertheirless-pressuredpeers.当然，也有证据表明早教反而是有害的：那些在父母催促逼迫下在幼儿园获得学业成功的孩子比那些没有压力的同伴更缺乏创造力，更加担忧考试，而且在将要毕业时难以保持他们入学时的成绩优势。Manypsychologistsandeducatorsremainskeptical（怀疑的）ofapproachesthatplace4-year-oldsinaformaleducationalsetting.Theyquestionwhetherenvironmentalenrichmentcansignificantlyalterthebuilt-indevelopmentaltimetableofachildrearedinanondisadvantagedhome.很多心理学家和教育工作者对把四岁的孩子安排在正式的教育环境中的方法表示怀疑。他们质疑环境的富裕能否极大的改变一个非弱势家庭培养的孩子固定的发展时间表。Theydonotdeny,however,thevalueofday-carecentersandnurseryschoolsthatprovidea2018法大校考英语内部资料（请勿外传）homelikeenvironmentandallowchildrenconsiderablefreedomtoplay,developattheirownpace,andevolvetheirsocialskills.不管怎么样，他们并不否认日托中心和幼儿园的价值，这些机构为孩子们提供了家一般的环境，允许孩子们有相当大的自由玩耍，允许他们按照自己的步伐成长并获得他们的社会技能。Buttheypointoutthatmanyofthethingschildrenoncedidinfirstgradearenowexpectedoftheminkindergarten,andtheyworrylestmoreandmorewillnowbeaskedof4-year-olds.Thesepsychologistsandeducatorsbelievewearedrivingyoungchildrentoohardandtherebydeprivingthemoftheirchildhood.但是他们也指出，很多孩子们曾在一年级做的事情正在被期望由幼儿园的孩子来完成，他们担心四岁的孩子被要求做更多的事情。这些心理学家和教育工作者相信我们正在过度的操纵年轻的孩子们，从而也剥夺了他们的童年。2、Incountryaftercountry,talkofnonsmokers’rightisintheair.Whileamajorityofcountrieshavetakenlittleornoactionyet,about30countriehaveintroducedjudicialmeanstocontrolsmoking.在各个国家，关于非吸烟者权利的讨论层出不穷。虽然至今为止大多数国家（对此）很少或没有采取行动，但是大约有30个国家已经引入司法手段来控制吸烟。Manylawshavebeenintroducedinothercountriestoensuretheairtheybreathfornonsmokers,ortocutcigaretteconsumption.Insomedevelopedcountries，theconsumptionofcigaretteshasbecomemoreorlessstabilized.其他一些国家通过引入大量法律来保障非吸烟者呼吸到清洁空气，或减少香烟消费。香烟的消费量在一些发达国家或多或少趋于稳定。However,insomedevelopingcountries,cigaretteconsumptionisconsideredasthesymbolofeconomicprogress,andisevenencouraged.然而，在一些发展中国家，香烟消费被视为经济发展的标志甚至受到鼓励。Asmoretobaccocompaniesgointernational,newmarketsaresoughttogainnewsmokersinthosecountries.随着越来越多烟草公司步入国际化，它们正寻求逐步拓展在这些国家的新兴市场，吸引更多的新的吸烟者。Forexample,greateffortsaremadebytheAmericantobaccoindustrytosellcigarettesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica，whereU.S.tobaccoexportsincreasedbymorethan27percentin1974.例如，美国烟草工业做了相当多的努力向中东和北非市场出售香烟。这些地区的美国烟草进口额在1974年增长了27个百分点。Smokingisharmfultothehealthofpeople.Worldgovernmentsshouldconductseriouscampaigns（运动）againstit.吸烟有害健康。全世界的政府理应对其发起更为严厉的抵制运动。Restrictionsoncigaretteadvertisement,plushealthwarningsonpackageandbansonpublicsmokingincertainplacessuchastheaters,cinemasandrestaurants,arethemostpopulartoolsusedbycountriesforcontrollingsmokingtoguaranteetherightsofnon-smokers.限制烟草广告，在香烟包装上增加吸烟有害健康警示以及禁止在剧院、电影院、餐厅等公共场所吸烟是目前各国控制吸烟保障非吸烟者权利的最常用手段。Butworldattentionalsoisfocusingonanotherstepwhichwillmakethesmokerincreasingly2018法大校考英语内部资料（请勿外传）self-conscious（羞愧）anduncomfortableabouthishabit.然而，世界各国所关注的下一步重点是，如何让这些烟民更加自觉并且让他们意识到吸烟是陋习。Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeople，especiallyofthedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabitofsmoking.Andcigarettepriceshouldbeupgrade.我们应该尽最大的努力来告诫年轻人养成吸烟不良嗜好的可怕后果。同时，香烟的价格也应该得到提升。Inthelongrun,thereisnodoubtthateveryonewouldbenefitifsmokingistotallybanned,butpeoplearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.长远来看，毫无疑问，如果吸烟被全面禁止，每一个人都将受益。但是人们目前还未做好采取如此激进行动的准备。3、Wearetoldthemassmediaarethegreatestorgansforenlightenment（启迪，教化）thattheworldhasyetseen;thatinBritain,forinstance,severalmillionpeopleseeeachissueofthecurrentaffairsprogramme,Panoroma.众所周知，大众媒体是迄今为止最好的启蒙方式。在英国，时事节目《全景》每一期都会吸引上百万人收看。Itistruethatneverinhumanhistoryweresomanypeoplesooftenandsomuchexposed（接触）tosomanyintimations（暗示，提示）aboutsocieties.历史上，人类的确从未能够如此频繁地接触到社会的这么多层面。Thiskindofexposure（曝光，揭露，陈列）maywellbeapointofdepartureforacquiringcertainimportantintellectualandimaginative（虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的）qualities,widthofjudgement,asenseofthevarietyofpossibleattitudes.置身这样的环境也许是个很好的起点，可