五章商业银行贷款管理(对外经济贸易大学何自云)

1/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）第五章商业银行贷款管理对外经济贸易大学金融学院何自云©2004何自云商业银行世界（）第五章商业银行贷款管理Chapter15CreditPolicyandLoansCharacteristicsChapter16EvaluatingCommercialLoanRequestsChapter17EvaluatingConsumerLoans《商业银行法》中有关贷款的规定（2003年12月）贷款通则（征求意见稿）（2004年5月）商业银行授信工作尽职指引（2004年7月16日）贷款风险分类指导原则（2001年12月24日）贷款损失准备计提指引（2002年1月1日）担保法（1995年10月1日）个人住房贷款管理办法（1998年5月15日）3/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）Chapter15CreditPolicyandLoansCharacteristicsTheCreditProcessBusinessDevelopmentandCreditAnalysisCreditExecutionandAdministrationCreditReview4/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）ThecreditprocessThefundamentalobjectiveoflendingistomakeprofitableloanswithminimalrisk.Managementshouldtargetspecificindustriesormarketsinwhichlendingofficershaveexpertise.Thesomewhatcompetinggoalsofloanvolumeandloanqualitymustbebalancedwiththebank’sliquidityrequirements,capitalconstraints,andrateofreturnobjectives.Thecreditprocessreliesoneachbank’ssystemsandcontrolsthatallowmanagementandcreditofficerstoevaluateriskandreturntrade-offs.5/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）ThecreditprocessLoanpolicy:formalizeslendingguidelinesCreditphilosophy:howmuchriskandtheformCreditculture:thefundamentalprinciplesThreepotentiallydifferentcreditcultures:Values-drivenCurrent-profitdrivenMarket-sharedrivenThecreditprocessincludesthreefunctionsBusinessdevelopmentandcreditanalysisUnderwritingorcreditexecutionandadministrationCreditreview6/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）BusinessdevelopmentandcreditanalysisMarketresearchAdvertising,publicrelationsOfficecallprogramsObtainfinancialstatements,borrowingresolution,creditreports.FinancialstatementandcashflowanalysisEvaluatecollateralLineofficermakesrecommendationonaccepting/rejectingloanFiveCsofgoodcreditandfiveCsofbadcredit7/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）FiveCsofgoodcreditCharacter:honestyandtrustworthiness.Capital:wealthpositionmeasuredbyfinancialsoundnessandmarketstanding.Capacity:legalstandingandmanagement’sexpertise.Conditions:economicenvironmentorindustry-specificfactorsCollateral:secondarysourceofrepaymentorsecurityinthecaseofdefault.8/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）FiveCsofbadcreditComplacency:thetendencytoassumeCarelessness:monitoraborrower’sprogressandidentifyproblemsasearlyaspossibleCommunication:betweenmanagementandloanofficersContingencies:failuretoidentifydownsideriskCompetition:followcompetitors’behaviorratherthanmaintainingthebank’sowncreditstandards.9/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）CreditexecutionandadministrationLoancommitteereviewsproposal/recommendationAccept/rejectdecisionmade,termsnegotiatedLoanagreementpreparedwithcollateraldocumentationBorrowersignsagreement,turnsovercollateral,receivesloanproceedsPerfectsecurityinterestFilematerialsincreditfileProcessloanpayments,obtainperiodicfinancialstatements,callonborrower.10/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）CreditreviewReviewloandocumentationMonitorcompliancewithloanagreement:Positiveandnegativeloancovenants;Delinquenciesinloanpayments;Discussnatureofdelinquencyorotherproblemswithborrower.InstitutecorrectiveactionModifycredittermsObtainadditionalcapital,collateral,guaranteesCallloan11/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）Chapter16EvaluatingCommercialLoanRequestsFundamentalCreditIssuesCharacteroftheBorrowerandQualityofDataProvidedUseofLoanProceedsLoanAmountThePrimarySourceandTimingofRepaymentCollateralEvaluatingCreditRequest:AFour-PartProcessOverviewofManagement,Operations,andtheFirm'sIndustryCommonSizeandFinancialRatioAnalysisCashFlowAnalysisFinancialProjectionsRisk-ClassificationScheme12/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）FundamentalcreditissuesRegardlessofthetypeofloan,allcreditrequestsmandateasystematicanalysisoftheborrower’sabilitytorepay.Whenevaluatingloanrequests,bankerscanmaketwotypesoferrorsinjudgment.Extendingcredittoacustomerwhoultimatelydefaults.Denyingaloantoacustomerwhoultimatelywouldrepaythedebt.Inbothcases,thebanklosesacustomeranditsprofitsareless.13/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）FivefundamentalissuesFivefundamentalissuesCharacteranddataqualityUseofloanproceedsLoanamountSourceandtimingofrepaymentCollateralInadditiontotheseissues,creditanalysisshouldexaminerisksthatareuniquetoeachloan.Qualityofmgt;thesoundnessofthebusiness;sensitivitytoeconomicconditions;thefirm’srelationshipwithothercreditors;etc.14/64Copyright©2004何自云商业银行世界（）CharacterandqualityofdataTheforemostissueinassessingcreditriskisdeterminingaborrower’scommitmentandabilitytorepaydebts.Anindividual’shonesty,integrity,andworkethictypicallyevidencecommitment.Forabusiness,commitmentisevidencedbytheownersandseniormanagement.Wheneverthereisdeceptionoralackofcredibility,abankshouldnotdobusinesswiththeborrower.Itisoftendifficult