技术性贸易壁垒成因的理论解析

3:,,:TBT;;;,(TBT),WTO,19952007531,23897,16974,71%,,TBT,TBTTBT,,,,,TBT,(,2004)(),(Akerlof,1970),,,,,,,,,99:3:(:J05W64),,,,,TBTTBT,,,,,(Thilmany,1997),,,,,,30%50%(),,(James,1973)TBT,,,,,,,,TBT,,200416,150,140,57420085956,28593,TBT(),,,,,,,,,,TBT(,2006),,(Alessandra,1983),,TBT,001()20107TBT,,,,,,TBT()(Tech2nicalGap),TBT,,,,,,();,,,,()(),(),TBT,,,,(),,,TBT,,,TBT,TBT;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,TBT,,TBT,,,,,,,,,TBT,TBT(),TBT,,,,101::,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,FTF,TTBT,,,,,,TBT,,,TBTTBT,TBTTBT,TBT,TBT?TBTAB,;TBT;TBT(P)1/2()ABXY(TBT),1A(ijXij,i=12j=12),:,20051ABTBTB(ijYij,i=12j=12)AE(A1)=P1X11P2X21=1/20+1/21=1/2;AE(A2)=P1X12P2X22=1/2(-1)201()20107+1/21/2=-1/4BE(B1)=P1Y11P2Y12=1/20+1/21=1/2;BE(B2)=P1Y21P2Y22=1/2(-1)+1/21/2=-1/4,AB,AB,TBT,TBTTBTTBT,,TBT,,TBTTBTTBT;TBTTBT,,TBT,TBT,TBTTBT,,,2090,TBT,,TBT,,,,,TBT,,(),(),,,,(),,,,,,,()TBT,TBT,Rp=(rp/np)-Cp,rp,npTBT,rp/npTBT,CpTBTTBTRe=(re/ne)-Ce,re,ne,re/ne,Ce301:,,,,,,TBT,,,,,,,,,,,,,TBT,TBT(Thornsbury,1998),TBT,,TBTTBT(),TBT,TBT,,TBT,TBT/SPSWTOTBT,,TBT,11Akerlof,GeorgeA1TheMarketforLemons:QualityUncertaintyandtheMarketMechanism1QuarterlyJournalofEconomics11970(3):48850021Golan,EliseH,StephanJ1Vogel,PaulD1Frenzen,andKatherineL1Ralston1TracingtheCostandBenefitsofImprovernmentsinFoodSafety,(A)U1s1Dept1Agr1Econ1Res1Sev12000(11):79131DawnThilmanyandChristopherB1Barrett(1997),RegulatoryBarriersinanintegratingWorldFoodMarket,ReviewofAgricuturalEconomics,19(1):9110741MeadeJames1TheTheoryofEconomicExternalities,TheControlofEnvironmentalPollutionandSimilarSocialCosts1Geneva,197351CasellaAlessandra1ProductStandardsCoalitionsinaMarketwithoutBorders[R]1NationalBureauofEconomicResearch,19961][Kindleberg2erCharles1StandardsasPubilc,CollectiveandPrivateGoods,Kyklos,1983(36):37739661Thornsbury,Suzanne,TechnicalRegulationsasBarrierstoAgriculturalTrade1PhdDissertationofVirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUni2versity,19987111,2004(3):61658111,2008-12-05:A23911TBT:1,2006(3):858910111,2004:313211111,2005:59(:(),,264209):401()20107