经济贸易

1经济贸易国民经济常用语中央计划经济centrallyplannedeconomy指令性经济mandatoryplan网络经济Internet-basedeconomy实证经济学positiveeconomy外向型经济export-orientedeconomy实体经济therealeconomy规模经济economiesofscale规模不经济diseconomyofscale经济规律lawsofeconomics看不见的手theinvisiblehand发挥市场调节作用giveplaytotheregulatoryroleofthemarket经济和法律的杠杆economicandlegalleverages经济计划和市场调节相结合combineeconomicplanningwithmarketregulation优化资源配置optimizeallocationsofscale规模经营优势advantageofeconomiesofscale比较优势comparativeadvantage新凯恩思主义newKeynesian货币主义者monetarist供给学派supply-sideeconomist企业集团businessconglomerate全民所有制ownershipbythewholepeople集体所有制collectiveownership国有企业state-ownershipenterprises(SOEs)集体企业partnershipenterprises私营企业privatebusinesses2民营企业privately-runbusinesses中小企业smallandmediumenterprises(SMEs)三资企业threeformsofforeign-investedenterprises连锁企业franchise/chainbusinesses下游企业down-streamenterprises高附加值highaddedvalue主要经济指标majoreconomicindicator人均国内生产总值GDPpercapita工农业总产值grossoutputvalueofindustryandagriculture工业增加值industrialaddedvalue实际增长率growthrateinrealterms年均增长率averagegrowthrateperammum可持续增长sustainablegrowth出口导向型增长export-ledgrowth投资驱动增长investment-drivengrowth增额；增加值increment经济效益economicreturns/businessperformance社会商品零售总额totalretailsales百分点percentagepoint按原口径计算calculateatthebaseline按不变价格计算calculateatconstantprice按可比价格计算calculateatcomparableprice投资回报率rateofreturnoninvestment外贸进出口总额totalforeigntradevalue外贸顺差foreigntradesurplus逆差deficit实际利用外资foreigninvestmentinplace资金到位fullyfunded财政收入taxrevenue3国民收入nationalincome总需求曲线aggregatedemandcurve总供给曲线aggregatesupplycurve总支出曲线aggregateexpenditurescurve消费价格指数consumerpriceindex(CIP)零售价格指数retailpriceindex(CPI)生活费用价格总指数totalpriceindexoflivingcost生活费用incomeavailableforlivingexpenses扣除物价因素inrealterms居民储存存款domesticsavings恩格尔系数（食品开支比例）Engelcoefficient基尼系数（地区差别）Ginicoefficient科斯定理Coase’stheorem购买力平价法purchasingpowerparity(PPP)片面追求发展速度excessivepursuitofgrowth经济增长减速slowdownofeconomicgrowth泡沫经济bubbleeconomy经济过热overheatingofeconomy炒房地产热frenziedandspeculativetradinginthepropertymarket三角债chaindebts/interenterprisearrears结构失调structuralimbalance结构性矛盾突出acutestructuralimbalance优化结构structuraloptimization供大于求oversupply供不应求shortsupply需求拉动的通货膨胀demand-pullinflation恶性通货膨胀hyperinflation滞胀stagflation菲律普曲线（失业与货胀）Phillipscure4经济紧缩crunch不景气slump/sluggish衰退recession大萧条greatdepression负增长negativedepression高息集资raisefundsbyofferinghighinterest超前消费deficitspending收益递减diminishingreturns边际效用递减diminishingmarginalutility财政赤字（盈余）budgetdeficit(surplus)瓶颈制约bottleneckconstrains双头垄断duopoly提高经济效益enhanceeconomicperformance/increaseeconomicreturns社会效益beneficialsocialeffect充分就业fullemployment实现持续，稳定，协调的发展bringaboutsustained,stableandcoordinateddevelopment培育新的经济增长点fosternewsectorseconomicgrowth拉动经济增长fueleconomicgrowth扭亏为盈turnaloss-makingbusinessintoaprofitableone放权让利decentralizationandinterestconcessions深化改革intensifyreform/deepenone’scommitmenttoreforms配套改革supporting(concomitant)reforms配套资金counterpartfunds/localfundingof改革试点pilotforreform放松管制deregulation权利下放decentralization杠杆率leverageratio杠杆收购leveragedbuyout5利改税substitutionoftaxpaymentforprofitdelivery费改税transformadministrativefeesintotaxes债转股debt-to-equityswap充分发挥货币政策的作用givefullplaytotheroleofmonetarypolicy事实积极的财政政策followapro-activefiscalpolicy向银行增发国债，扩大投资Thegovernmentissuedadditionaltreasurybondstobankstoincreaseinvestment再注资recapitalization放松银根toeasemonetarypolicy收紧银根tightenupmonetarypolicy通货紧缩deflation适度从紧的财政政策moderatelytightfiscalpolicy信用紧缩creditcrunch启动民间投资attractinvestmentfromtheprivatesector加速国民经济信息化developinformation-basedeconomy/accelerateITapplicationineconomy实现经济增长方式的转变effectchangeinthemainsourceofeconomicgrowth(frominvestmentexpansiontoperformancegains)优化经济结构optimizeeconomicstructure输入活力bringvigorinto扩大内需expanddomesticdemand改善居民心理预期inspirethegeneralpublic’sconfidenceinthefutureneeds鼓励增加即期消费encouragemoreimmediateconsumption整顿经济秩序rectifyeconomicorder市场潜力转化为现实的购买Marketpotentialturnsintotangiblepurchasingpower基本适度broadlyappropriate平衡发展balanceddevelopment平稳回升steadyrecovery普遍回升broad-basedrecovery6软着陆softlanding复式预算制capitalandcurrentbudgetaryaccount工业成本利润率profit-to-costratio规范行为regularizebehavior国计民生nationalinterestandpeople’slivelihood基础设施投资investmentininfrastructure基本经济要素economicfundamentals（银行资金）头寸宽裕（头寸紧缺）inaneasyposition(tightposition)招标投标制thesystemofpublicbiddingforproject适销对路的产品therightproducts/readilymarketableproducts经济特区specialeconomiczones(SEZs)“十五”计划The10thFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment劳动密集型laborintensive技术，智力，资本密集型technologyknowledgeorcapitalintensive高附加值的深加工down-streamprocessingwithhighadded-value技术入股technologyappraisedascapitalstock风险投资ventureinvestment生产资料capitalgoods固定资产投资investmentinfixedassets折旧费depreciationcost关系国计民生的产品productsvitaltonationaleconomyandpeople’slivelihood朝阳产业sunrise(emerging)industry承包经营contractforbusinessmanagement承包责任制systemforcontractedresponsibility计件工资制度piece-ratesystem最高限价priceceiling鼓励giveincentiveto非公有成分non-publicsectors7主要成分dominantsector引进；输入importation搞活企业invigorateenterprises经济繁荣economyboom中国现代化三步走战略thethree-stepdevelopmentstrategyofChina’smodernizationdrive1990年国民生产总值比1980年翻一