进出口实务6

ChapterSixCargoTransportationInsurance2LearningobjectivesAfterlearningthischapteryouwillbeabletounderstandthefundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsurancebeawareoftherisksandlossesinoceantransportationoutlinethescopeoftheOceanMarineCargoClausesofCICframethecoverageofLondonInstituteCargoClausesunderstandtheprocedureforlodgingclaimsdescribemethodsofstipulatinginsuranceclausesinSalesContracts3DefinitionsDefinitionofinsurance“thepracticeofsharingamongmanypersons,risksoflifeorpropertythatwouldotherwisebesufferedbyonlyafew.”Definitionofmarinecargoinsurance“theinsurantenterswithaninsurancecompanyand/oranunderwriterintoacontractofinsuranceinwhichtheinsurantundertakesthepaymentofaninsurancepremiumandtheinsurancecompanywill,accordingtothetermsindicatedintheinsurancecontract,indemnifytheinsurantofanylossthatoccurswithinthescopeofcoverage”.4Partiesinvolvedinaninsurancepracticetheinsurant/insured/assuredThepartythatprocuresinsuranceCanbetheexporterorimporterdependingonthetradetermadoptedinthetransactiontheinsurerThepartyundertakingtoindemnifytheinsurantagainstlossesordamagesCanbetheinsurancecompany/underwriterInChina,PICCisusuallytheinsurertheclaimantTheinsurantmaynotnecessarilybetheclaimantDependingon:whohastheinsurableinterestofthegoodswhenthegoodsaredamagedorlost56.1FundamentalprinciplesTheInsurableInterestPrincipleTheUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleTheIndemnityPrincipleTheProximatePrincipleTheSubrogationPrincipleTheSharePrinciple66.1.1TheinsurableinterestprincipleDefinition:ThefinancialinterestofapersoninthesubjectmatterinsuredFormsofinsurableinterest:OwnershipofthegoodsChargeofinsuranceFreightApolicywithoutinsurableinterestisinvalidProofofinsurableinterestisrequiredatthetimeofmakingaclaim,notatthetimeofeffectinganinsurance76.1.2TheUtmostGoodFaithPrinciple(BonaFidePrinciple)BothpartiesbefaithfulandhonestinenteringintotheinsurancecontractMarineInsuranceAct1906:IftheUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleisnotobservedbyeitherparty,theotherpartymayavoidthecontractAvoidanceofthecontractThereisnofraudandtheContractisvalid:serveasevidenceinacourtoflawUsuallyoccurswhenaninsurerrefusestopayaclaim,theinsuredhastherighttochallengetheinsurer’srighttoavoidthecontractAvoidcontracthasnolegalvaluecannotserveasevidenceinacourtoflaw86.1.3TheIndemnityPrincipleDefinitionIntheeventoflossofordamagetothesubjectmatterresultingfromaninsuredperil,heorsheisplacedinthesameposition(notinabetterorworsepositionthan)thatheorsheenjoyedimmediatelybeforethelossoccurredMeansofeffectingindemnityIntheory:byreplacingtheshipsorgoodslostordamagedInpractice:bypayinganamountofmoneyequaltothevalueofthegoodslostordamagedExtentofindemnity:totalindemnificationbelimitedtotheinsuranceamount:110%oftheinsuredvaluetheactuallosssufferedtheinsurableinterestoftheclaimant96.1.4TheProximateCausePrincipleAbouttheProximateCausePrincipleemployedinthejudgmentofcausationbetweenaccidentsandlossesreferstothemajorand/oreffective(notnecessarythefirstorthelast,butthedominant)causethathasledtotheaccident.Theinsurershallonlyberesponsibleforthelossresultedfromthedominantcause.106.1.4TheProximateCausePrincipleHowtodecidetheproximatecauseIncaseofonlyonecausewithininsurancecoverage:theinsurershallindemnifybeyondinsurancecoverage:theinsurershallnotberesponsibleforthelossIncaseoftwoormorethantwocausesIfallcausesarewithintheinsurancecoverage,theinsurerholdresponsiblefortheloss.116.1.4TheProximateCausePrincipleHowtodecidetheproximatecauseIftheformercauseiswithinthescopeofinsurancecoverageandthelatteroneisoutofthescopeofinsurancecoverage,providedthereisadirectchainofcausationbetweenthem,theformercauseisregardedastheproximatecauseandtheinsurershallbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage.Iftheformercauseiswithintheexclusionofthecoverageandthereisadirectchainofcausationbetweentheformerandlattercause,theproximatecauseisconsideredoutofthescopeofinsurancecoverageandtheinsurerneednotbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage.126.1.5TheSubrogationPrincipleDefinitionWhenthelossofthepropertyinsurediscausedbyathirdparty,theinsurerisautomaticallyentitledtocompensationfromthethirdpartyafterindemnificationhasbeenmadetotheinsurant.Therightofsubrogationisexercisedeitherinthenameoftheinsurerorthatoftheinsured.TheamountrecoveredTheamountrecoveredshallbelimitedtotheamountoftheclaimpaidundertheinsurance.Iftheinsurermayrecovermorethantheamountpaidbyhimasaclaim,hemustpassthesurplusproceedstotheinsured.136.1.6TheSharePrincipleDefinitionUnderthecircumstanceofdoubleinsurance,alltheinsurersshalljointlybearthelossonthesubjectmatterandsharethelossaccordingtotheirrespectiveinsuranceproportion.Doubleinsurancetheinsuredhastheriskscoveredbytwodifferentinsurancecompaniesupontheidenticalinterestintheidenticalsubjectmatter.Eachinsurerisnormallyonlyliable,incaseoftotalloss,topaytheinsuredtotheextentofthesumwrittenagainsthisownname(theamountofhissubscription)incaseofpartialloss,someproportionofthatsum.146.2MarineRisksandLossesPerilsofthesea海上风险External/Extraneousrisks外来风险Risks风险Naturalcalamitie