第二课-什么是化学201609

第二课1WhatIsChemistry?mineraln.矿物,矿石Mine-miner-mineralize-mineralogy-mineralogist-mineraloid（准矿物）chemicaladj.化学的n.化学制品,化学药品chemic（化学家，化学）chemicals,chemist,chemistrycreaturen.人,动物create,creative,creation,creativity,creaturalstriken.打,攻击,走向,罢工,,放电,;vt.击打,,放电,,铸造,罢工vi.打,打击,罢工transformationn.变化,转化,改适,改革,转换Transform-transformational-transferprerecordvt.预先录制recordertimesn.时期，次，倍数，乘orsoadv.左右,上下,大约curiosityn.好奇心curious-cureisolatevt.使隔离,使孤立,使绝缘,离析n.隔离种群isotope,isotopy,isocaloric,isothermal,isoheight,isomer.colorsn.色料,着色剂,颜料clothn.布,织物,衣料Clothing,clothes,clothe,clothssoapn.肥皂vt.用肥皂洗charcoaln.木炭cellulosen.纤维素adj.细胞的spontaneouslyadv.自然地,本能地Spontaneous-spontaneityarchaeologicaladj.考古学的,考古学上的archaeology-archaeologistalkalin.碱adj.碱性的alkaline,alkalinityalkalis-base-basicglycerinn.甘油,丙三醇principaln.负责人,首长,校长,主犯,本金adj.主要的,首要的principledesignn.设计v.设计,计划,谋划,构思designer-designate-designationrandomn.随意,任意adj.任意的,随便的,胡乱的adv.胡乱地intentionallyadv.有意地,故意地intent-intentionaldominantadj.有统治权的,占优势的,支配的adj.[生物]显性的dominance-dominatecivilizationn.文明,文化,文明社会civil-civilize-citizen-civics（公民）poisonn.毒药vt.毒害,败坏,使中毒vi.放毒,下毒poisonous-poisonerbacterian.细菌bacterialprotonn.质子neutron-electron-nucleonnuclein.核(nucleus的复数形)identicaladj.同一的,同样的identity-identification-identifyevidentadj.明显的,显然的evidence-evidencydriftapart(两者)漂移,疏远subtleadj.敏感的,微妙的,精细的,稀薄的Sensitive,sensitivity,sensitization,sensitize,sensitiveness.handednessn.手性,螺旋性chiralityn.手征,手性aminoacidn.氨基酸alaninen.丙胺酸Ammonia氨,amine胺,ammonium铵ammine氨合amide酰胺SchoolofMarxismStudies政治与公共管理学院法学院文化与社会发展学院心理学部文学院马克思主义学院经济管理学院教育学部体育学院SchoolofPoliticsScienceandPublicAdministrationCollegeofEconomicsandManagementLawSchoolSchoolofCultureandSocialDevelopmentCollegeofEducation，FacultyofEducation，SchoolofEducationFacultyofPsychologySchoolofPhysicalEducationFacultyofArts，CollegeofArts，SchoolofLiterature•外国语学院•新闻传媒学院•音乐学院•美术学院•历史文化学院民族学院•数学与统计学院•物理科学与技术学院•电子信息工程学院•化学化工学院•生命科学学院•地理科学学院•材料与能源学部CollegeofInternationalStudies，SchoolofForeignLanguages，CollegeofForeignLanguagesSchoolofJournalismandCommunicationSchoolofMusicSchoolofFineArtsSchoolofHistoryCultureandEthnologyCollegeofMathematicsandStatisticsSchoolofPhysicalScienceandTechnologyCollegeofElectronicandInformationTechnologySchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineeringSchoolofLifeScienceSchoolofGeographicScienceFacultyofMaterialandEnergy资源环境学院计算机与信息科学学院软件学院工程技术学院生物技术学院纺织服装学院食品科学学院园艺园林学院农学与生物科技学院CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentSchoolofComputerandInformationSciences，SchoolofSoftwareCollegeofEngineeringandTechnologyCollegeofBiotechnologyCollegeofTextileGarmentCollegeofFoodSciencesCollegeofHorticultureandGardenCollegeofAgronomyandBiotechnology•植物保护学院•动物科技学院•药学院中医药学院•国际学院•西塔学院•柑桔研究所CollegeofPlantProtectionCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnologyCollegeofPharmaceuticalSciencesandChineseMedicineWestacollegeCitrusResearchInstituteInternationalCollegeChemistryisthesciencethattriestounderstandthepropertiesofsubstancesandthechangesthatsubstancesundergo.化学是一门试图了解物质的性质和物质发生反应的科学．Itisconcernedwithsubstancesthatoccurnaturally―themineralsoftheearth,thegasesoftheair,thewaterandsaltsoftheseas,thechemicalsfoundinlivingcreaturesandalsowithnewsubstancescreatedbyhumans.它涉及存在于自然界的物质—地球上的矿物，空气中的气体，海洋里的水和盐，在动物身上找到的化学物质—以及由人类创造的新物质．Itisconcernedwithnaturalchangestheburningofatreethathasbeenstruckbylightning,thechemicalchangesthatarecentraltolifeandalsowithnewtransformationsinventedandcreatedbychemists.它涉及自然界的变化—因闪电而着火的树木，与生命有关的化学变化—还有那些由化学家发明和创造的新变化．Chemistryhasaverylonghistory.Infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes.化学的历史很长．事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到有历史记载以前的时期．Asthequotation引用attheheadofthischapterindicates,chemistsareinvolvedintwodifferenttypesofactivity.正如本章一开始所指出的那样，化学家包含着两种不同类型的工作。Somechemistsinvestigatethenaturalworldandtrytounderstandit,whileotherchemistscreatenewsubstancesandnewwaystoperformchemicalchangesthatdonotoccurinnature.有些化学家在研究自然界并试图了解它，同时另一些化学家则在创造自然界不存在的新物质和完成化学变化的新途径．Bothactivitieshavegoneonsincethefirstappearanceofhumansonearth,butthepacehasincreasedenormouslyinthelastcenturyorso.自人类出现在地球上那一刻起，这两方面的工作就都有了，但是在上一个世纪以来它们的步伐大大地加快了．Curiosityaboutnaturalsubstancesledtosomeoftheearliestadventuresinisolatingpurechemicalmaterialsfromnature.对自然界物质的好奇心，使得人们很早就在从自然界分离纯粹化学物质方面获得了一些成功．Humansdiscoveredthattheycouldextractthecolorsfromflowersandsomeinsectsandusethemtomakepicturesandtodyecloth.人们已经发现，可以从花卉和某些昆虫提取颜料，并用来作画和染布．Onlyinthelastcenturyhavechemistslearnedthedetailedchemicalstructuresofthesenaturalcolors.直到上个世纪，化学家才弄清楚这些天然颜料的详细化学结构．Fromearliesttimeshumanshavealsobeenmakingnewsubstancesbyperformingchemicaltransformations.Thefirstsuchnewsubstanceswereprobablysoapandcharcoal.人类很早就在通过化学变化来制造新的物质。这类新物质中，最早的可能是肥皂和木炭．Whenwoodisheateditloseswaterandproducescharcoal.加热木材时，它将失去水分并生成木炭。Inthisprocessthecelluloseofwoodchemicalcompoundcontainingcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenalllinkedbychemicalbonds―undergoesachemicalreactionthatbreaksthehydrogenandoxygenawayaswaterandleavesthecarbonbehindascharcoal.在这个过程中，木材中的纤维素—一种含有碳、氢和氧，并全由化学键联结在一起的化合物发生