虚拟语气要点及练习

•虚拟语气要点及练习•英语中有三种语式：•陈述语式、祈使语式和虚拟语式。•A.陈述语式•表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当做事实表达出来。例如：•Flowersblossominspring.•Themoonispeepingthroughthewindowsatthesleeplessgirl.•B.祈使语式•表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。例如：•Dodropintoseeus.•Keepoffthegrass.•C.虚拟语式•虚拟语式把动作当做一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当做客观现实中的真实事件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。例如：•MothertoldmetoputonmysweaterlestIshouldcatchcold.•虚拟语式在条件句中的运用•英语中的条件句一般有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句，虚拟语式用在非真实条件句中。非真实条件句包括•A.虚拟条件句•B.推测条件句•C.错综时间条件句等•A.虚拟条件句•虚拟条件句可分为三类：•a.叙述与现在事实相反的情况•b.叙述与过去事实相反的情况•c.叙述与将来事实相反的情况•一般构成为:条件从句+结果主句(结果主句中的would可换用should,could或might)•A.与现在事实相反:•条件从句--IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+动词过去式(be动词的过去式一律用were)•结果主句--I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would+动词原形•B.与过去事实相反:•条件从句--IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+过去分词•结果主句--I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would+have+过去分词•C.与将来事实相反:•条件从句--•A式：一般过去式•B式：were＋不定式•C式：should+动词原形•结果主句--would(should)+动词原形•EXAMPLES：•Hewouldn‘tfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.与?相反•与现在事实相反•IamsorryIamverybusyjustnow.IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou.与?相反•与现在事实相反•Theconferencewouldn'thavebeensosuccessfulifwehadn'tmadeadequatepreparation.与?相反•与过去事实相反•Thefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagetothepeopleifwehadn’tbuiltsomanyreservoirs.与?相反•与过去事实相反•B.推测条件句•对未来的事进行推测，在讲话人心目中，虽不认为推测条件的实现违背事实或绝对不可能，但却认为可能性是极小的。这种怀疑和推测要用虚拟语式表示:•IfIweretoseehim,Iwouldspeaktohimaboutit.•推测条件句的构成形式：•条件从句—•1.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+动词过去式(be的过去式一律用were)•2.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should+动词原形•3.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+were+to+动词原形•结果主句—•I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would+动词原形•C.错综时间条件句•在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语式形式。•EXAMPLES：•HadItakenmyumbrellawithmewhenIcameoutthismorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.•Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.•IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'thavemissedthefilmlastnight.•Iftheshiphadleftatnoon,itwouldbepassingthroughthecanalnow.•无“条件”的虚拟语式句子•这里的所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if或Iwish等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。•这种条件可以用介词、形容词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来。•表示无“条件”的词有with,without,butfor,or,but,otherwise,even,incaseof,whatif等。•这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。•EXAMPLES:•Butforyourhelpwecouldn'thavesucceeded.•Theywouldn'thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatcommonground.•UndersuchcircumstancesIwouldprobablyhavedonethesame.•Shewasn'tfeelingverywell.Otherwiseshewouldn'thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.（介词短语）•Shesaidshewouldhavecometotheparty,onlyshehadanurgentmattertoattendto.（副词＋句子）•Totalkwithhim,youwouldknowheisafrankman.（不定式短语）•Tohavestudiedharder,youwouldhavepassedtheexam.(=Ifyouhad..，不定式完成式)•Thesamething,happeninginwartime,wouldamounttodisaster.（分词短语）•Indoingso,hemightforgiveyou.（介词＋动名词）•Amanwhostoppedworkingwouldamounttonothing.（定语从句）•动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语式•与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式；•与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或would/could+have+过去分词；•表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/should(could,might)＋动词原形。•EXAMPLES(1):•Iwishshewerehere.•Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.•Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.•EXAMPLES(2):•A:“Youhavemadesomemistakes.”•B:“IwishIdidn'tmakemistakeseveryday.”•A:“Whatwouldyouwishtodoifyouwereacollegestudentagain?”•B:“That'sveryhardtosay,butIwishIhadstudiedpsychology.”•ifonly和wouldthat后用虚拟语式•ifonly和wouldthat后用虚拟语式，谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。例如：•Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.•IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages!•WouldthatIwereyoungagain.•wouldthat实际上是I/Wewould的简化•Iwould相当于Iwish:•Iwould(Wouldthat)Iwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.•Wewould(Wouldthat)thatwehadseenthroughhimearlier.•在suggest,order,demand等动词后要用虚拟语式•在propose,command,request,desire,insist,require,decide,promise,arrange,ask,move,consent,determine,recommend,advise,intend,beg,resolve,argue,maintain,deserve,prefer,decree,vote,urge,instruct,advocate,persuade,dictate,legislate,sentence,object,expect,direct,appoint,provide,specify,persist,permit…这些意念动词、祈使动词或态度动词后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语式，这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。•EXAMPLES：•Theyintendedthatthenews(should)besuppressed.•Ipreferthatyounoteatthemeat.•Sheinsistedthattheseats(should)bebookedinadvance.•Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby10percent.•Theyrequestedthatthe(should)singasong.•Headvisedthatthedoctor(should)besentfor.•Thecommitteedecidedthatnooneshouldbeadmittedwithoutaticket.•SometimesshewouldsuggestthatIshouldbesavingsomeofthemoney.•Theexaminationinstructionsaskthatthestudents(should)notusearedpen.•Itwasarrangedthatsheleavethenextweek.•Note:•Whenhewasaskedwhyhisfriendhadnotacceptedtheoffer,hesuggestedthathisfriend'spridepreventedhimfromaccepting.•句中suggested不作“建议”解，而是作“暗示”解，故用陈述语式。•Heinsistedthathewasnotinvolvedinthecase.•当insist不表示“坚决要求”，而作“坚决认为”解，其后的从句要用陈述语式，不用虚拟语式。•在advice,demand,order等名词后要用虚拟语式•在advice,demand,order等名词后的主语从句和表语从句中用虚拟语式。•常用的这类名词有：advice,demand,order,necessity,resolution,pay,decision,proposal,requirement,suggestion,idea,recommendation,preference,request,plan,motion等。•这时，谓语用动词原形或should+动词原形。例如：•Thedemandisthatmanuscripts(should)bewrittenononesideonly.•Heissuedtheorderthatthetroops(should)withdrawatonce.•在important,necessary等后用虚拟语式•形容词important,necessary,imperative,natural,urgent,essential,appropriate,desirab