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1第一单元Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Phonetics语音学：thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphoneticsPhonology音系学:aslinguistsbecameinterestedinhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.Morphology形态学:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.Syntax句法学:thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules,thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticsstudiesSemantics语义学:thestudyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelopedandbecameknownassemanticsPragmatics语用学:whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolaion,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmaticsSociolinguistics社会语言学:thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranchcalledsociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理语言学:Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学:findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguisticsOtherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics。人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学1.PrescriptivevsDescriptive规定性与描述性Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage2.Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudyInmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.3.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:(1)speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution(2)alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting(3)speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage4.Languageandparole语言与言语LanguagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse5.Competenceandperformance能力与运用Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationWhatislanguage?什么是语言？LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationCharacteristicsoflanguage:语言的特性Languageisarule-governedsystem2LanguageisbasicallyvocalLanguageisarbitrary(thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”:“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”)LanguageisusedforhumancommunicationDesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的识别特征AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified12designfeatures:1)arbitrariness随意性2)productivity创造性3)duality双重性4)displacement不受时空限制性5)culturaltransmission文化传递性单元二Twomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwritingThelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。Phonetics语音学:isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.Threebranchesofphonetics:articulatoryphonetics发音语音学（mosthighlydeveloped）,auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学Articulationphonetics(发音语音学):Howaspeakeruseshisspeechorgansarticulatethesounds.Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）:Howahearerperceivesthesounds.Acoustic(声学语音学）:Howthesoundsaretransmitter.Organsofspeech发音器官Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔----thethroatTheoralcavity口腔----themouthThenasalcavity鼻腔---thenoseVibrationofthevocalcords(声带)resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“voicing”浊音，whichisafeatureofallvowels元音andsomeconsonants辅音。单词补充：01)velum:Thesoftpalate.软腭02)uvula:Asmall,conical,fleshymassoftissuesuspendedfromthecenterofthesoftpalate.小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块03)larynx:n.喉04)vocalcord:声带05)membrane:n.Athin,pliablelayeroftissuecoveringsurfacesorseparatingorconnectingregions,structures,ororgansofananimaloraplant.膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官06)thesoftpalate:软腭07)thehardpalate:硬腭08)theteethridge:齿龈09)alveolus:Atoothsocketinthejawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床10)theteeth:牙齿11)thelips:上下唇12)bladeoftongue:舌面13)backoftongue:舌根14)pharyngealcavity:咽腔15)nasalcavity:鼻腔16)velar:Articulatedwiththebackofthetonguetouchingorneart